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Abia

(122 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ἀβία; Abía). Coastal town in eastern  Messenia (Plin. HN 4,22; Ptol. 3,14,31), the modern Palaiochora, 6 km south of Kalamata. Its equation with Ἱρή (Hire), one of the seven towns mentioned in Hom. Il. 9,150, is questionable.  Perioikoi-polis of Sparta, from 338 BC controlled by  Messene, with the exception of 183-146 BC, when A. was an independent member of the  Achaean Confederacy (Pol. 23,17); sanctuaries of  Heracles and  Asc…

Mandubii

(64 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Gaulish people who are only mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 7,68,1 and Str. 4,2,3. Capital Alesia ( oppidum Mandubiorum). Their territory is probably identical to the modern region of Auxois ( pagus Alisiensis in the Middle Ages). In Roman times the M. appear to have merged with the Haedui people. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P.-M. Duval, Chronique gallo-romaine, in: REA 61, 1959, 368-370.

Arelate

(390 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Colonization | Pilgrimage Town in Gallia Narbonensis, the modern Arles. Originally called Theline by the Greeks (Avien. 689ff. – Phocian foundation?), the town had a Celto-Ligurian name (It. Ant. 299,4; Plin. HN 3,36). Settled from the 6th cent. BC; A’s shipping trade was severely hampered by the silting-up of the Rhône delta, but enjoyed a marked resurgence thanks to the canals built by→ Marius …

Garumna

(92 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Garunna, Γαρούνας / Garoúnas). One of the main rivers of Gaul (Tib. 1,7,11), the modern Garonne and Gironde, the boundary between the Gauls and the Aquitanians (Caes. Gall. 1,1,1; 5; 7; Str. 4,1,1; 2,1f.; 3,3; 5,2; Mela 3,20f.; Plin. HN 4,105; Amm. Marc. 15,11,2). According to Str. 4,2,1 navigable over more than 370 km. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Boudet (ed.), Les Celtes, la Garonne et les Pays aquitains, 1992 Y. Roman, Les Celtes, les sources antiques et la Garonne, in: Aquitania 12, 1994, 213-219 …

Macistum, -us

(267 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Crommyon

(78 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Κρομμυών or Κρεμμυών). Fortified port in the East of Corinthian territory on the Saronian Gulf south of the  Gerania mountains, 120 stadia ( c. 21 km) from  Corinth (Thuc. 4,45,1), probably near modern Hagios Theodori. According to legend Theseus killed the Crommyonian sow there. In the Classical period Crommyon was fortified. Evidence: Scyl. 55; Str. 8,6,22; Paus. 2,1,3; Xen. Hell. 4,4,13; 5,19; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κrommyon; Hierocles, Synekdemos 645,14. Epigraphy: IG IV 195f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Meclodunum

(76 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Town of the Senones on an island in the Sequana river (Seine). Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,2; 6; 60,1; 61,5) uses two forms: Meclodunum (‘fortress of Metlos’) and Metlosedum (‘residence of Metlos’ = ‘reaper’); modern Melun. Metlosedum is probably the Celtic form and Meclodunum the Latin form. At M. a bridge crossed the Sequana (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,5). Sources: It. Ant. 383; Tab. Peut. 2,4. Inscriptions: CIL XIII 3010.…

Paeum

(99 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Παῖον; Paîon). Small town with well-preserved…

Mesatis

(67 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Μεσάτις; Mesátis). One of three communities or regions from which the city of Patrae in Achaea was founded. M. had a cult of Dionysus. It was possibly the hilly country to the east and north of Patrae, at the modern Ano Sychaina-Voundeni (Paus. 7,18,4-6; 19,1; 21,14). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. D. Rizakis, Achaïe 1. Sources textuelles et histoire régionale (Meletemata 20), 1995, 164.

Carnutes

(79 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107; Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition …

Aremorica

(43 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Lutecia Parisiorum

(272 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 6,3,4; 7,57f.; Λουκοτοκία; Loukotokía, Str. 4,3,5; Παρισίων Λουκοτεκία; Parisíōn Loukotekía, Ptol. 2,8,13; Luticia

Cenchreae

(357 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Κεγχρεαί; Kenchreaí). [German version] [1] Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea with graves of Argives fallen in the battle at the nearby Hysiae (according to Pausanias in 669/8 BC). C. was on the northern slope of Mount Ctenias opposite Hysiae on the southern side. Not exactly localizable, possibly near the modern Sta Nera, c. 3 km north-east of Achladokambos. The ‘Pyramid of C.’ at the exit of the valley further towards the north-east above t…

Sicyon

(827 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Lafond
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars (Σικυών; Sikyṓn). …

Arausio

(185 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Liv. Ep. 67: 105 BC site of the Roman defeat in battle against the  Cimbri; Ptol. 2,10,8); the modern Orange. Shortly after 36 BC veterans of   legio II. founded the colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum Arausio (CIL XII 3203), 7 km east of the  Rhodanus and south of the Aigues. 6th-cent. BC traces of the previous Celtic settlement lie 5 km to the south. A. was one of the main centres of the Cavares (Str. …

Aulerci

(144 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] A people in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the Loire and the Seine, that was divided into four partial tribes (Caes. B Gall. 3,17; 7,75; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol.Geog. 2,8): 1. The Cenomani who partly moved to Upp…

Lessa

(61 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Λῆσσα; Lêssa). Village on the Argolian Acte on the border to Epidaurus, presumably near modern Ligurio, with Athena sanctuary. Literary evidence: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inscriptions: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Frickenhaus, W. Müller, Aus der Argolis, in: MDAI(A) 36, 1911, 30 R. L. Scranton, The Pottery from the Pyramids, in: Hesperia 7, 1938, 537.

Andecavi

(89 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Tribe in  Gallia Lugdunensis (on the lower Loire) with the main town of Iuliomagus (modern Angers sur la Maine; Caes. B Gall. 2,35,3; 3,7,2; 7,4,6: Andes; Plin. HN 4,107 and Oros. 6,8,7: Andicavi). In the Gallic rebellion of AD 21 under the leadership of  Iulius Sacrovir, they were the first to fight, together with the  Turoni, but were soon overpowered (Tac. Ann. 3,41). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography…

Geronthrae

(136 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Γερόνθραι; Gerónthrai). Spartan

Helvii

(140 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] ( Elvii, Elvi or Ilvi, Caes. B Civ. 1,35; Ἑλουοί, Str. 4,2,1). Celtic tribe of people whose area (modern Dép. Ardèche) on the right bank of the Rhône in the north bordered on the Segusiavi, in the west on the Vellavii and Gabali and in the south on the Volcae Arecomici. The Cevennes separated them from the Arverni (Caes. B Gall. 7,8). In 52 BC in the war against Vercingetorix they were on the side of Caesar. In the new division of the province under Augustus they were attached to Aqui…

Boiae

(79 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Βοιαί; Boiaí). One of the most prosperous cities of the  Eleutherolakones on the western coast of the Parnon peninsula in the bay of Vatica. Unremarkable archaeological ruins (especially from the Roman period) at today's Neapolis. Pol. 5,19; Str. 8,5,2; Paus. 3,22,11-13. Lafond, Yves (B…

Esuvii

(49 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Esubii). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the lower Seine and the Loire. Caesar (Gall. 2,34; 3,7; 5,24; 5,53) mentions it as one of the tribes of Aremorica (Bretagne) between the Coriosolites and the Aulerci in the area of Sées (Orne). Lafond, Yves (Bo…

Cyparissia

(301 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Κυπαρισσία; Kyparissía). [German version] [1] Town on the Messenian west coast This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea Town on the Messenian west coast and the location of the modern town of the sam…

Cabillon(n)um

(71 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Town by the Arar in Gallia Lugdunensis, today Chalon-sur-Saône. As a river port of the Haedui, C. was of economic importance until the conquest by the Romans. Literary sources: Caes. B Gall. 7,42; 7,90; Str. 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,8,12. In later times, station of the classis Ararica. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Bonnamour, s.v. Cabillon(n)um, PE, 179f. Grenier 2, 1934, 562-564.

Gytheumium

(346 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Alesia

(145 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Caesar | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Oppidum   Oppidum of the  Mandubii in  Gallia Celtica, today Alise-Sainte-Reine (Côte-d'Or). A. took up a plateau of c. 80 hectares with remarkable natural protection on Mont Auxois (Mons Alisiensis). In 52 BC  Vercingetorix was besieged here by Caesar and despite the intervention of relief troops had to capitulate (Caes. B Gall. 7,68-90). A. continued to exist as a Gallo-Roman centre dur…

Marganeis

(125 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Μαργανεῖς/ Marganeîs). Small community west of Olympia in the plain north of the Alpheius between the modern villages of Phloka and Strephi, dependent on Elis as períoikoi . Exact location unknown. In the war of the Spartans against Elis in 401 BC on the Spartan side (Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4, Μάργανα/ Márgana), in the peace of 400 BC autonomous (Xen. Hell. 3,2,30), in 294 in the battle at Nemea again on the side of …

Bura

(114 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes | Oracles (Βοῦρα; Boûra). One of the 12 cities of Achaea. Hill settlement (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41), 40 stades from the sea (Str. 8,7,5). Destroyed by an earthquake in 373 BC, B. continued to exist, however, and had temples and sanctuaries at the time of Paus. (7.25.8f.). Two locations…

Oetylus

(147 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Οἴτυλος/ Oítylos). Town, present-day Otylon (Itylon), on the eastern bank of the Messenian Gulf by the deep harbour bay hórmos limeníu (ὅρμος λιμενίου) and 7.5 km to the north of Areopoli on the west coast of Mani (Hom. Il. 2,585; Str. 8,4,4: Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos; Paus. 25,10; 26,1; Ptol. 3,16,22: Βοίτυλα/ Boítyla; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ο., here also Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos). In the Classical period it was a Laconic town of períoikoi . From the time of Augustus it was one of the 18 m…

Parrhasia, Parrhasii

(111 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Παρρασία/ Parrhasía, Παρράσιοι/ Parrhásioi). Settlement area of the largest Arcadian sub-tribe in West-Arcadia (Hom. Il. 2,608; Str. 8,8,1; Diod. Sic. 15,72,4). The pan-Arcadian sanctuary of Zeus was l…

Asea

(119 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine Town in southern  Arcadia, halfway between Megalopolis and  Tegea on the small plateau of Frangovrysi near the sources of the Alpheius and the Eurotas (Str. 8,3,12). The settlement on the acropolis can be traced back from the Neolithic to the Middle Helladic and Hellenistic periods (town walls); in 368/67 BC, it was integrated into the new foundation of Megalopolis; at the time of Pausanias (8,44,3), A. lay in ruins. The settlement of the classical period has not been localized. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E. J. Holmberg, The Swedish excavations at A. in Arcadia, 1944 M. Jost, Sanctuaires et cultes de l'Arcadie, in: Études Péloponnésiennes 9, 1985, 193-195.

Atax

(27 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Coastal river in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Aude. It rises in the Pyrenees, and discharges into the Mediterranean south of Narbo. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Arar

(88 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] River in  Gallia, earlier called Βρίγουλος ( Brígoulos), later   Sauconna ; the modern Saône (Ps.-Plut. De Fluminibus 6). Rising in…

Melangea

(39 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Bibrax

(34 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Oppidum of the Remi, modern Vieux-Laon or Camp de Saint-Thomas (Départment Aisne). Captured by Caesar in 57 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,6). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Leman, s.v. B., PE, 792.

Melpeia

(44 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Μέλπεια; Mélpeia). Settlement in the Nomian mountains with a sanctuary of Pan Nomios, south of Lycosura (Arcadia). The exact location is unknown. (Paus. 8,38,11). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography …

Cnacion

(40 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Κνακιών; Knakiṓn). Mentioned only in the ‘Great Rhetra’ (Plut. Lycurgus 6,4, Pelopidas 17,6;  Sparta). Place name in Sparta, later equated to the river Oenus, today's Kelephina (Plut. loc. cit.; Lycoph. 550); not identifiable. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Asine

(385 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Ἀσίνη; Asínē) [German version] [1] Prehistoric settlement in Kastraki This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Important prehistoric settlement from the Early Helladic period, located on the rocky headland of Kastraki c. 8 km south-east of  Nauplia on the bay of Tolon; it was taken to be a town of the Dryopes ( Dryops) (Hdt. 8,73; Paus. 4,8,3; 34,9-12). In around 700 BC, the town was destroyed by  Argos [II 1], but the temple of  Apollo Pythaieus survived. Its inhabitants were resettled in Messenia by …

Baeterrae

(136 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul Oppidum of the  Volcae Arecomici in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Béziers (Hérault), settled at the latest from 750/650 BC. Since Caesar's time, Colonia Urbs Iulia Septimanorum Baeterrae with veterans of the legio VII

Cardamyle

(176 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Καρδαμύλη; Kardamýlē). Spartan perioecic settlement on the western side of the  Taygetus peninsula. The ancient acropolis, on a hillside surrounded by precipitous cliff faces (Str. 8,4,4), lies about 2 km inland from the sea, 1 km north of the modern Kardamili. Pottery from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods; remains of the ring wall from the classical or Hellenistic period. In Hom. Il. 9,150 and 292, C. is named as one of…

Cebenna mons

(25 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Mountain range in Gallia (modern Cévennes), separating the Arverni from the Helvii (Caes. B Gall. 7,8; 56). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Gerenia

(169 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (In Str. also Γέρηνα; Gérēna, on inscriptions ἁ πόλις τῶν Γερηνῶν, formerly Enópē). Spartan perioecic city on the west side of the Taygetus peninsula, member of the league of  Eleutherolak…

Cynortium

(48 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Κυνόρτιον; Kynórtion). The mountain above the theatre of the Asclepius sanctuary of Epidaurus with the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas (Paus. 2,27,7). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography …

Epitalium

(50 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἐπιτάλιον; Epitálion). Town in Triphylia on the left bank of the  Alpheius [1]. References: Xen. Hell. 3,2,29; Pol. 4,80; Str. 8,3,12; 8,3,24. Archaeology: significant remains from Roman times. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Chroniques des fouilles, in: BCH 94, 1970, 996 E. Meyer, Neue peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1957, 50, 60.

Icauna

(41 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] …

Colonides

(80 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (αἱ Κολωνίδες). Town (or ‘village’, κώμη, Plut. Philopoemen 18,3) on the west coast of the Messenian Gulf near present-day Kaphirio [1] or possibly Vunaria (evidence of settlement) [2]. Minted coins during the Severian dynasty. References: Paus. 4,34,8; 12; Ptol. 3,16,7 (Κολώη). Inscription: IG V 1,1402-1404; SEG 11,996f. Coins: HN 432f.…

Caryae

(213 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Καρύαι; Karýai). [German version] [1] Arcadian settlement Arcadian settlement (χωρίον) on the southern shore of the lake of Pheneus (Paus. 8,13,6; 14,1). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [2] Settlement in NW-Parnon This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Settlement in the north-western Parnon range, on Sparta's north-eastern border with Arcadia, either near the modern Analipsis on the banks of the Saranda-Potamos in the north-east of the plain of Kambos, or near Arachova north of the village that once again bears the name Karyai. Because of its location between Laconia, Arcadia, and Argolis, C. played an important role in the history of relations between Sparta and its neighbouring states. Originally Arcadian, it belonged to Sparta in the classical period (Thuc. 5,55,3; Xen. Hell. 6,5,25; 7,1,28; Polyaenus, Strat. 1,41,5; Phot. s.v. Καρυά…

Mastramela

(105 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Town of the Salluvii (Gallia Narbonensis) beside a lagoon of the same name (now Étang de Berre) or on an elevation rising above it between Rhodanus (Rhône) and Massalia. The identification with Saint-Blaise is uncertain. It is possible that Maritima Avaticorum was founded by the inhabitants of M. References: Artemidorus, in Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαστραμέλη (πόλις καὶ λίμνη τῆς Κελτικῆς); Plin. HN 3,34 (

Etanna

(67 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Civitas of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis on the left bank of the Rhône, statio on the Vienne-Geneva road (Tab. Peut.). Identified with Yenne or Etain near Yenne. Flourished from the 2nd to 6th cents. AD. Inscriptions: CIL 12,305. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Dufournet, Le réseau routier gallo-romain de Vienne à Genève et la position des stations d'E. et de Condate, Archéologie, 1965, 35-72.

Pictones

(275 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Πίκτονες; Píktones). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, afterwards Aquitania, to the south of the lower Liger (Caes. B Gall. 3,11,5; 7,4,6; 75,3; 8,26,1; Plin. HN 4,108; 17,47; Str. 4,2,1; Ptol. 2,7,6), in the modern départements Vendée [1], Deux-Sèvres [2] and Vien…

Lycaea

(145 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Λύκαια; Lýkaia). Name of two towns in northwestern Arcadia, both also attested in the form of the name Λυκόα/ Lykóa, belonging to Megale Polis. [German version] [1] L. in the region of the Maenalii L. in the region of the Maenalii in the upper reaches of the Helisson (Paus. 8,3,4; 27,3; 30,1; 36,7), possibly identifiable with Palaiokastro between Arachova and Karteroli in the southeast of the plain of Davia. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) …

Rhodanus

(260 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Ῥοδανός/ Rhodanós). The biggest and, at 812 km, the second longest river in Gaul (Gallia), modern Rhône, with an extremely fertile drainage basin of 99,000 km2, navigable up to and above Lugdunum (for an unsuccessful attempt to connect the R. and the Rhenus/Rhine by means of a canal, cf. Tac. Ann. 13,53), an important axis of commerce with trade centres at Massalia (Marseilles), Arelate (Arles) and Lugdunum (Lyon) between the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum) and the interior of Gaul. It rises near the spr…

Canathus

(51 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Κάναθος; Kánathos). The spring in which, according to Argive legend, Hera bathed once a year to restore her virginity (Paus. 2,38,2); probably the large spring in the monastery of Hagia Moni, 2 km east of Nauplia. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography J. G. Frazer, Pausanias's Description of Greece 3, 21913, 304f.

Lexovii

(77 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Tribe on the western bank of the lower Sequana in the Gallia Celtica, later in the Gallia Lugdunensis. In Caesar's time they were part of the civitates Aremoricae. Main settlement: Noviomagus, modern Lisieux. Attestation: Caes. B Gall. 3,9; 7,75; Str. 4,1,14; 3,5; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol. 2,8,2; 5. Inscr.: CIL III 3177-3182. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography C. Lemaitre, Noviomagus Lexoviorum, in: R. Bedon (ed.), Les villes de la Gaule lyonnaise (Caesarodunum 30), 1996, 133-166.

Macareae

(40 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Μακαρέαι; Makaréai). Town west of Megale Polis, belonging to its region, in the plain to the left of the Alpheius, in ruins at the time of Pausanias (8,3,3; 27,4; 36,9); remains not known. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Neris

(35 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Halieis

(109 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἁλιεῖς, Ἁλιαί; Halieîs, Haliaí). Harbour town on the Bay of Porto Cheli in the Argolis, founded by exiles from  Tiryns, instigated by Hermione, shortly after 479 BC (Hdt. 7,137). The remains of the ancient city, partially sunken into the sea, were found opposite the modern town on a small cape dominating the harbour entrance. H. was probably destroyed at the end of the 4th cent. BC. References: Scyl. 52; Str. 8,6,11; Paus. 2,36,1 (Ἁλίκη). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography B. Bergquist, Primary or Secondary Temple Function: the Case of H., in: OpAth 18, 1990, 23-37 M. H…

Darioritum

(82 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Principal city of the Veneti in the Gallia Lugdunensis, today known as Vannes, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Documentary evidence: Ptol. 2,8,6; Tab. Peut. ( Dartoritum); Not. Galliarum 3,8 ( civitas Venetum). A prosperous city during the Roman imperial period, D. was protected by a c…

Lyrceia, Lyrceum

(172 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Λυρκεία, Λύρκειον; Lyrkeía, Lýrkeion). Settlement c. 12 km north-west of Argos in the Inachus valley (Paus. 2,25,4f.; Str. 6,2,4), located either on the site of the ruins of Skala, or on the site of the modern Lyrkeia (formerly Kato Belesi), or east of the modern Sterna on the left bank of the Inachus. The pre-Homeric city was probably sited near Melissi (Mycenaean necropolis). Following Argos' rise, L. remained a politically dependent kṓmē . According to Str. 8,6,7 [1. 70], the river Inachus [2] rose from the mountain range also n…

Helice

(165 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Ἑλίκη; Helíkē). [German version] [1] City in Achaea This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes City on the plain of Aegium in Achaea between the mouths of the Selinus and the Cerynitis (modern Buphusia) with t…

Nantuatae

(139 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] A Celtic people northeast of the Allobroges in the valley of the upper Rhodanus (Rhône) from the Lacus Lemanus (Lake of Geneva) to the Rhone glacier, where the Veragri, the Seduni and the Uberi were also settled. Together with these at the beginning of Roman rule they formed a confederation as part of the province of  Alpes Graiae et Poeninae ( quattuor civitates Poeninae: CIL XII 147). Their capital was Tarnaiae (modern Massongex). They gave their name to the modern town of Nantua ( D épartement of Ain). Further sources: Caes. BG 3,1,6; 4,10,3; Str. 4,6,6: Ναντουᾶται/ Nantou…

Lerna

(271 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine (Λέρνη; Lérnē, modern Myli). Settlement 40 stadia ( c. 7 km) south of Argus with a sacred grove, bordere…

Gorgobina

(67 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Modern La Guerche/Nièvre). City of Gallia Celtica in the region of the  Arverni, later of Aquitania, east of Elaver, south of Aquae Bormonis. The  Boii settled in G. in 58 BC, after the defeat of the Helvetii in the battle against Caesar. G. became Boiorum oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 7,9,6). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography H. Bigeard, A. Bouthier, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 58 (Nièvre), 1996.

Massalia

(1,201 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
This item c…

Homarion

(148 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Ὁμάριον/ Homárion, Ἁμάριον/ Hamárion). Sanctuary of Zeus near Helice (Pol. 5,93,10 and Str. 8,7,3; 7,5; Syll.3 490, [1]), centre of the Achaean League, after the destruction of Helice (373 BC) in the possession of Aegium. Its location cannot be pinpointed in spite of several finds of inscriptions north-west of Aegium [2;…

Phaesana

(49 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Φαισάνα; Phaisána). Town on the river Alpheus (Pind. Ol. 6,34f.) in the district of Pisatis (Istrus FGrH 334 F 41; Didymus, schol. Pind. Ol. 6, 55a); Phaesana is possibly identifiable as Phrixa.…

Pitana

(132 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Antipolis

(112 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Gates

(22 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] People in Aquitaine between the Elusates and the Ausci (only in Caes. B Gall. 3,27). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Ensérune

(132 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] Fortified high-altitude settlement ( oppidum?) between Béziers and Narbonne on a hill c. 120 m high, well protected by steep slopes to the north and to the east; it ruled a plain surrounded by ponds and crossed by an important traffic route between the Iberian and Italian peoples. Three settlement phases are documented by ceramic finds (end of 6th cent. BC ─ end of 1st cent. AD). The second phase ( c. 425-220 BC) includes the building of a city wal…

Lusi

(304 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Λουσοί/ Lousoí; ethnicon inscription Λουσιάτας/ Lousiátas; literary also Λουσιεύς, Λουσεύς probably after the Attic demoticon). Town in northern Arcadia between Cynaetha and Cleitor near modern Chamakou (at a height of about 1,000 m), sanctuary of Artemis Hemera, Hemerasia games. The sanctuary lies in the foothills of Chelmos southwest of modern Ano-L. and Kato-L. above a small plain in the south. Building remains only from the 4th-3rd cents. BC (propylaea, bouleuterion, Doric temple)…

Gallia/Gaul

(1,109 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] A. Land and population in pre-Roman times G. comprises the most western part of the European rump, between the Rhine, the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. Five large river-systems supply the land with water: the Garumna (Garonne) in the south-west, the Liger (Loire) in the centre and the west, the Sequana (Seine) in the north, the Mosa (Maas) with a tributary of the Rhine, the Mosella (Mosel), in the north-east, and the most important water vein, the Rhodanus (Rhône) with its tributary, the Arar (Saône), both navi…

Myrsinus

(78 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] (Μύρσινος; Mýrsinos). Town of the Epeii tribe in Elis (Hom. Il. 2,616). According to Str. 8,3,10, Myrtoúntion it was 70 stades to the north of the town of Elis on the coast (cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.). There is a debate surrounding its identifica…

Aigion

(312 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Makedonia, Makedones | Naturkatastrophen (Αἴγιον). Stadt in Achaia am Golf von Korinth (Hom. Il. 2,574; Hdt. 1,145; Ps.-Skyl. 42; Strab. 8,7,5, und auch Ptol. 3,16,5; Hierokles 647; Geogr. Rav. 5,13). A. erhebt sich in drei Stufen über dem Meeresspiegel am Rande einer leicht westl. abfallenden Hochebene, die sich nach Süden bis ans Bergland ausdehnt, auf einer geschützten Reede zw. z…

Helvii

(120 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Haedui

(273 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Mächtiges, reiches Volk der Gallia Celtica (nachmals Lugdunensis; Gallia). Im Westen war das Gebiet der H. im wesentlichen von Doubs und Saône begrenzt; im Norden waren Senones, Mandubii und Lingones Nachbarn der H. Bündnisse mit den Bituriges im Westen und den Senones, Parisii und Bellovaci im Norden ermöglichten den H. die Kontrolle des Handels vom Mittelmeer zum Ärmelkanal; enge Beziehungen zu den Boii öffneten ihnen den Zugang zu den reichen Kelten Zentraleuropas. Nach Liv. 5,34 n…

Aigeira

(325 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Gyth(e)ion

(318 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: …

Neris

(36 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (Νηρίς). Ortschaft in der Landschaft Kynuria [1] im Osten der Peloponnesos, vielleicht bei h. Kato Doliana [1. 122-124; 2. 75-79] zu suchen (Paus. 2,38,6; Stat. Theb. 4,46). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Pritchett…

Gerenia

(149 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Sparta (bei Strab. auc…

Lyrkeia, Lyrkeion

(144 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Mastramela

(97 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Stadt der Salluvii (Gallia Narbonensis) an einer gleichnamigen Lagune (h. Étang de Berre) oder auf einer diese überragenden Erhebung zw. Rhodanus (Rhône) und Massalia. Die Identifizierung mit Saint-Blaise ist nicht gesichert. Evtl. wurde Maritima Avaticorum von den Bewohnern von M. gegr. Belegstellen: …

Kolonides

(76 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (αἱ Κολωνίδες). Stadt (oder “Dorf”, κώμη, Plut. Philopoimen 18,3) an der Westküste des Messenischen Golfs beim h. Kaphirio [1] oder eher Vunaria (Siedlungsspuren) [2]. Prägte in severischer Zeit Mz. Belege: Paus. 4,34,8; 12; Ptol. 3,16,7 (Κολώη). Inschr.: IG V 1,1402-1404; SEG 11,996f. Mz.: HN 432f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 R.Hope Simpson, The Seven Cities Offered by Agamemnon to Achilles, in: ABSA 61, 1966, 125 2 E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, RE Suppl. 15, 197.

Etanna

(65 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Civitas der Allobroges in der Gallia Narbonensis am linken Ufer der Rhône, statio an der Straße Vienne-Genève (Tab. Peut.). Mit Yenne oder mit Etain bei Yenne zu identifizieren. Blüte 2. bis 6. Jh. n.Chr. Inschr.: CIL 12,305. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography …

Entremont

(84 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Kelt.-ligurisches oppidum, Hauptort der Salluvii, 3 km nördl. von Aix-en-Provence. Ca. 2. Jh. v.Chr. zwei Wohnanlagen, deren zweite die erste umfaßt, ohne diese zerstört zu haben, was die Stadtbildungsentwicklung beweist, die erst von den Römern zw. 124 und 90 v.Chr. gestoppt wurde. Ant. Reste: Stadtmauer, Straßen, Heiligtum (Heroon?), Skulpturen, Mz. aus Massalia, zahlreiche Handwerks-Erzeugnisse. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) …

Pheneos

(326 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Arkades, Arkadia (ὁ oder ἡ Φενεός, Ethnikon Φενεάτης oder Φενικός). Stadt in der nordarkadischen Azania (Strab. 8,8,2; 4; Paus. 8,13,6-22,1; Plin. nat. 4,20f.; 31,54; Diod. 15,49,5) im Norden eines oberirdisch abflußlosen Karstbeckens, das durch Katavothren zum Ladon entwässert [1. 94, 99] und nur periodenweise einen flachen See mit zu Zeiten auch katastrophal hohem Wasserstand bildete (vgl. Theophr. h. plant. 3,1,26,5; 6; T…

Arausio

(178 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Coloniae | Gallia | Punische Kriege | Theater …

Lessa

(58 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (Λῆσσα). Dorf auf der argolischen Akte an der Grenze zu Epidauros, vermutlich beim h. Ligurio, mit Athena-Heiligtum. Lit. Belege: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inschr.: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. …

Lykuria

(31 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (Λυκουρία). Ort in der Ebene von Pheneos am Wege nach Kleitor in Arkadia, an der Grenze zw. den beiden Städten; vgl. Paus. 8,19,4; 20,1. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

Epitalion

(48 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (Ἐπιτάλιον). Stadt in Triphylia am linken Ufer des Alpheios [1]. Belegstellen: Xen. hell. 3,2,29; Pol. 4,80; Strab. 8,3,12; 8,3,24. Arch.: Bed. Reste aus röm. Zeit. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Chroniques des fouilles, in: BCH 94, 1970, 996  E. Meyer, Neue peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1957, 50, 60.

Pallantion

(145 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Makedonia, Makedones (Παλλάντειον, lit. Παλλάντιον). Stadt am Westrand der ostarkad. Ebene, 7 km südl. von Tripolis, mit geringen Resten auf einem vom Kravarigebirge (früher Boreion) vorspringenden Hügel, h. wieder P. (ehemals Berbati). Reste der Akropolismauer sowie von vier Tempeln der archa. und klass. Zeit [1] sind erh. P. war im 4. und 2. Jh.v.Chr. trotz Einbeziehung in den synoikismós von Megale Polis 368/7 v.Chr. selbständige Stadt. Die…

Hermion(e)

(287 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Makedonia, Makedones | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege (inschr. und lit. Ἑρμιών und Ἑρμιόνη, Ethnikon Ἑρμιονεῖς). Stadt an der östl. Akte der Argolis, h. Ermioni, deren Territorium den SO der Akte vom Kap Thermisi 6 km östl. von H. bis zum Kap Iri südl. des Bedeni-Bachs umfaßte. H. verdankte seine Bed. den zwei gut geschützten Häfen, getrennt durch ein schmales, längliches Vorgebirge, das Gebiet…

Bura

(103 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Naturkatastrophen | Orakel (Βοῦρα). Eine der 12 Städte Achaias. Höhensiedlung (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41), 40 Stadien vom Meer entfernt (Strab. 8,7,5). Im J. 373 v.Chr. durch Erdbeben zerstört, bestand B. aber weiter und hatte z.Z. des Paus. (7,25,8f.) Tempel und Heiligtümer. Zwei Lokalisierungen werden diskutiert: die Dörfer Kastro [1; 2; 3] und Mamusia [4] auf beiden Seiten des Buraïkos. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 E. Meyer, Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 133-140 2 Ders., Neue Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1957, 81-86 3 Ders., s.v. B., RE Suppl. 9, 18f. 4 N.D. Papachatzis, Παυσανίου Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις 4, 1980, 155f.

Kenchreai

(321 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Κεγχρεαί). [English version] [1] Ort am Weg von Argos nach Tegea Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Makedonia, Makedones Ort am Weg von Argos nach Tegea mit Gräbern der in der Schlacht beim nahen Hysiai (Pausanias zufolge 669/8 v.Chr.) gefallenen Argiver. K. lag am Nordhang des Ktenias gegenüber von Hysiai auf der Südseite. Nicht genau lokalisierbar, evtl. beim h. Sta Nera, ca. 3 km nordöstl. von Achladokambos. Die “Pyramide von K.” am Ausgang des Tals weiter im NO über der argivischen Ebene ist vermutlich ein Wehrturm ( pýrgos) eines Bauernhofs. Quellen: Strab. 8,6,17; Paus. 2,24,7. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)…

Gorgobina

(65 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] (h. La Guerche/Nièvre). Stadt der Gallia Celtica im Gebiet der Arverni, später der Aquitania, östl. des Elaver, südl. von Aquae Bormonis. Die Boii setzten sich nach der Niederlage der Helvetii im Kampf gegen Caesar 58 v.Chr. in G. fest. G. wurde

Autessiodurum

(41 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum Stadt der Senones in Gallia Celtica, später Lugdunensis (h. Auxerre). A. lag auf der linken Uferseite der Yonne (CIL XIII 2920-2939). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Kapps, s.v.A., PE, 128.

Kardamyle

(147 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Sparta (Καρδαμύλη). Spartanische Perioiken-Gemeinde an der Westseite der Taygetos-Halbinsel. Die ant. Akropolis auf einem von schroffen Felswänden umringten Hügel (Strab. 8,4,4) liegt ca. 2 km vom Meer entfernt, 1 km nördl. des h. K. Keramik von myk. bis röm. Zeit; Ringmauerreste aus klass. oder hell. Zeit. Bei Hom. Il. 9,150 und 292 wird K. unter den Städten, die Agamemnon dem Nestor anbot, gen. Seit 146 v.Chr. im Bund der …

Lugdunensis

(205 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Röm. Prov., Ergebnis einer Teilung der Gallia Comata in drei Prov. ( Tr…

Matisco

(114 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum Stadt der Prov. Lugdunensis am Arar (Saône) im Gebiet der Haedui, 70 km nördl. von Lugudunum, h. Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire). Kelt. Spuren auch in der Umgegend, z.B. in Varennes-lès-Mâcon. 52 v.Chr. war M. Etappenstation (Caes. Gall. 7,90,7; 8,4), in der röm. Kaiserzeit Ausgangspunkt der Straße nach Augustodunum. Bau eines castrum im 4. Jh.n.Chr.; Nekropole. Belegstellen: Itin. Anton. 359; Tab. Peut. 2,5 ( Matiscone); Notitia Galliarum 1,5; Geogr. Rav. 4,26 ( Matiscum). Inschr.: CIL XIII 2581-2595. Lafo…

Epidauros

(789 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: …
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