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Pastoral Council

(327 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] In Catholic canon law, pastoral councils at the diocesan and parish level are consultative bodies made up of clergy and laity to advise the bishop and the local priest. Their roots go back to Vatican II (CD, art. 27, § 4; PO, 7): (synodal) shared responsibility of the faithful, right and obligation of consultation ( CIC/1983, c. 228 §2). The basic regulations appear in CIC/1983; the actual organization, terminology, and job descriptions of the councils vary, depending on the canons of the diocese. 1. Diocesant pastoral councils (cc. 511–514). Establishment by the bish…

Instructio

(179 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] An instructio in the meaning of CIC/1983 c. 34 serves the interpretation and application of laws for the use of those who are responsible for their execution. Bearers of the potestas executiva (e.g. the Vicar General, but also the diocesan bishop [no separation of powers in Catholic church law!]) are competent to issue an instructio. It is subordinate to the laws. Consequently, its validity ends through derogation or with the expiration of the underlying law. It can neither alter nor invalidate a law. More recent instructions by the Roman dikasteria (e.g. “instruction…

Defectus

(252 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] In Catholic canon law defectus refers to the lack of or error in a legal act or in one of its essential elements. A distinction is made between a lack of consensus and errors of form. An error in or lack of the will to act or of consensus affects the validity of laws. This circumstance pertains, for example, to external authority that renders a law null as well as dolus (a fraudulent deceit), which also makes it contestable (cc. 125, 126 CIC 1983). The concept also plays a role with regard to irregularities (qualified hindrances to ordination). One distinguishes between irregular…

Council

(4,467 words)

Author(s): Brennecke, Hanns Christof | Schneider, Hans | Schneider, Bernd Christian | Puza, Richard | Neuner, Peter
[German Version] I. Church History – II. Church Law – III. Dogmatics I. Church History 1. Early Church Council (Lat. concilium, Gk σύνοδος [Lat. synodum]; the two terms were first differentiated in modern usage; see also synod) are meetings of bishops from various communities for binding clarification of disciplinary, organizational, or doctrinal questions, whose decisions, as inspired by the Holy Spirit, are not in principle revisable and claim validity for the whole church r…

Vatican Diplomatic Corps

(474 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] Under international law, the Holy See (Vatican) has both active and passive diplomatic privileges. It receives ambassadors dispatched by states as extraordinary, temporary, regular, or permanent representatives. It enjoys this right as a sovereign state. After some beginnings in the 13th century, there have been diplomatic representatives to the Holy See since the late 15th century (Italian city states). Permanent embassies developed in the 16th century, initially representing Catholic states. In the 19th cen-¶ tury, Protestant states also began to send…

Missio canonica

(718 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] is a collective term for legal acts of the church, which are necessary because every action in the name of the church requires a canonical mandate: (1) mandates with functions in doctrine and proclamation; missio canonica in state church and concordat law, ( Nihil obstat , mandatum) for professors and teachers of religion; (2) canonical commission to an office, a service, or a function; (3) (liturgical or legal) mandate to celebrate and dispense sacraments (deacon: to read the gospel, by the celebrating priest; clergy or lait…

Chancellor

(304 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] Catholic canon law (II, 1) requires that every diocesan curia appoints as one of its members a chancellor, also called curial secretary (in France often secretary general), who may be a member of the laity. The chancellor and possibly the vice-chancellor ¶ are also notaries and secretaries of the diocesan curia. The chancellor is freely appointed by the diocesan bishop and can also be removed from his office at the bishop's own discretion; he can also be removed by the diocesan administrator, but only…

Commandments of the Church

(351 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] The commandments of the church are disciplinary precepts and ethical rules that are comparable to those of Judaism and Islam. The are promulgated by the church and originally also arose out of custom. They are subject to change. As statements of the teaching office of the church ( magisterium) intended for pastoral and catechetical use, they appear in catechisms (II) and canon law (II; CIC/¶ 1983, Particular law). Since the Middle Ages, the number of church commandments and their content have varied because of uneven regional …

Brief

(157 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] The brief (breve) that is expedited through the (papal) state secretariat basically contains shorter texts of lesser importance than bullae, whereby only certain topics are deemed appropriate for bulls. The style is also more direct (fewer stipulations). Further differences exist with respect to the material (parchment) and the structuring of the content. The intitulatio begins with the name of the pope and continues with the servus servorum Dei and the inscriptio with the blessing of the addressee. There follows the stipulation ad perpetuam rei memoriam, then th…

Gasparri, Pietro

(282 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] (May 5,1852, Ussita, Diocese of Norcia, Italy – Nov 18, 1934, Rome) was ordained a priest in 1875, held the Dr.phil.theol. and iur.can., was lecturer in canon law at Roman faculties, became professor of canon law at the Institut Catholique in Paris in 1880, titular bishop in 1898, was apostolic delegate to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, became secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, and was consultant to several Roman congregations. Pius X commissioned him with the creation of the Codex Iuris Canonici . Appointed car…

Codex Iuris Canonici (1917)

(696 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] The intention of restructuring canon law had existed ever since the preparatory work for Vatican I, although the popes of the time never followed up on it. Instead, several private outlines were drafted in which the methodic approach of the Codex Iuris Canonici ( CIC) was anticipated. The definitive work began under Pius X ( Motu Proprio “Arduum sane munus,” Mar 19, 1904). The objective was to harmonize the hitherto fragmented laws concerning the larger and more important issues of church life. A commission was then set up a…

Freisen, Joseph

(212 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] (Sep 14, 1893, Warstein, Westphalia – Feb 5, 1932, Würzburg) was ordained to the priesthood in 1878, earned the Dr.iur.utr. from Munich in 1881, the Dr.theol. from Tübingen in 1884, the Habilitation in canon law from the theological faculty of Freiburg in 1885, where he declined a position as assistant professor, became cooperator in Hoinkhausen (Westphalia) in 1885, and professor of canon law at Paderborn in 1892. In 1905, he resigned his professorship in Paderborn and gained his…

Consecrated Title

(261 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[German Version] The consecrated title guarantees the support of clerics in higher orders (Consecration/Ordination/Dedication: I). In Old Church law, consecrated title relates to office and ministry, and the source of support. Consecrated titles were the titulus beneficii (sinecured office), patrimonii ([private] assets), pensionis (lifelong payments from assets) and mensae (title to the table, a third party's promise of support in emergencies), in the modern period, servitii dioecesis (service in the diocese) and missionis (in the area of the Propaganda fide). In the CIC/191…

Pastoralrat

(272 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[English Version] bez. im kath. Kirchenrecht ein auf Diözesan- und Pfarrebene aus Klerikern und Laien zusammengesetztes Beratungsorgan des Bischofs bzw. des Pfarrers. Seinen Ursprung hat er im Vaticanum II (CD Art.27, Abs.4, PO 7): (synodale) Mitverantwortung der Christgläubigen, Konsultationsrecht/pflicht (c.228 @ 2 CIC/1983). Grundsätzliche Regelungen finden sich im CIC/1983; Ausgestaltung, Terminologie und Aufgabenstellung variieren sie aber nach diözesanem Recht. 1.Diözesanpastoralrat (cc.511–514). Die Einrichtung eines P., der das Gottesvolk repr…

Zölibat

(1,577 words)

Author(s): Felber, Anneliese | Lüdecke, Norbert | Puza, Richard
[English Version] I. Religionsgeschichtlich Z., von lat. caelebs, »alleinlebend«, bez. Ehelosigkeit mit dem Akzent auf sexueller Enthaltsamkeit, die von einer bestimmten sozialen Gruppe praktiziert wird, während Keuschheit eine über das Sexuelle hinausgehende umfassende Form der Enthaltung darstellt. Z. erfolgt aus kultischen Gründen (Reinheit [rein und unrein], Dämonenabwehr), zum gesellschaftlichen Nutzen (Vestalinnen; Vermögenssicherung im Frühchristentum) oder aus Ablehnung alles Materiellen (d…

Paenitentiarie

(232 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[English Version] . Die Paenitentiaria Apostolica zählt zu den drei Höchstgerichten der Röm. Kurie (Apostolische Konstitution »Pastor Bonus« Art.117–120). Sie besteht aus Kardinal-Großpaenitentiar, Regens, Prälaten und Offizialen. Ihre Zuständigkeit erstreckt sich auf den inneren Bereich (forum internum sacramentale [Beichte] und non sacramentale) und das Ablaßwesen (Ablaß). Absolutionen, Dispensen (cc.1048, 1082 CIC/1983), Kommutationen, Sanationen, Kondonationen, Straferlaß u.a. Gnadenerweise, A…

Speisegebote/Speiseverbote/Speisegesetze

(3,798 words)

Author(s): Borgeaud, Philippe | Willi-Plein, Ina | Ebner, Martin | Puza, Richard | Reichman, Ronen | Et al.
[English Version] I. ReligionswissenschaftlichAnhand der Speisegebote (S.) und -verbote einer menschlichen Gemeinschaft läßt sich der Zusammenhang zw. symbolischen und rituellen Handlungen ablesen. Die Wahl der Nahrung (Vorlieben und Verbote) ist eng verbunden mit dem Gesamtbild, das eine Kultur von sich entwirft und mit dem sie anderen Kulturen gegenübertritt und das seinerseits ein spezifisches Verhältnis zur Natur und Transzendenz voraussetzt. Die S. haben somit identitätsstiftende Funktion; si…

Offizial

(327 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[English Version] . Officialis, in weiterem Sinne Amtsträger, im engeren Sinne Gerichtsvikar (c.1420 @ 1 CIC/1983), der mit dem Bischof ein (Diözesan-)Gericht bildet und gegenüber diesem ordentliche stellvertretende richterliche Gewalt hat, die gemäß c.1420 @ 1 als potestas ordinaria iudicandi, traditionell besser als iudiciaria ordinaria vicaria bez. wird. In der Regel ist ein O. in jeder Diöz. vom Bischof auf bestimmte Zeit zu ernennen. Vizeoffiziale (beigeordnete Gerichtsvikare) können ernannt …

Primas

(430 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[English Version] (Primatus) wird in der kath. Kirche im zweifachen Sinn verwendet: (1.) Im Verfassungsrecht der lat. Kirche nicht als eigene Verfassungsinstanz, sondern als (oberbfl.) Titel eines Diözesanbischofs, verbunden mit bestimmten Bischofssitzen (c.438 CIC/1983). (2.) Im Ordensrecht gibt es den Abtprimas (Abt) unter den Generaloberen einer monastischen Kongregation (c.620 CIC/1983). 1. P. ist wie Patriarch bei Diözesanbischöfen in der kath. Kirche lat. Ritus ein Ehrentitel, in der Ostkirche werden sie Exarchen genannt. Mit der Primaswü…

Weihetitel

(192 words)

Author(s): Puza, Richard
[English Version] . Der W. garantiert den Unterhalt des Klerikers höherer Weihen (: I.). Im altkirchl. Kirchenrecht bez. W. Amt und Dienststelle, auch die Quelle des Unterhaltes. W. waren der titulus beneficii (bepfründeten Amtes), patrimonii ([Privat-]Vermögen), pensionis (lebenslängliche Bezüge aus Vermögen) und mensae (Tischtitel, Unterhaltsversprechen eines Dritten für den Notfall), seit der Neuzeit servitii dioecesis (Dienst in der Diöz.) und missionis (Bereich Propaganda fide). Im CIC/1917 i…
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