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Medius

(333 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[German version] [1] Dynast of Larisa, conqueror of Pharsalus 395 BC (Μήδιος/ Mḗdios in MSS; better Μήδειος/ Mḗdeios, in epigraphy). Dynast of Larisa [3], of the Aleuadae family, successor of Aristippus; in 395 BC he joined the newly formed anti-Spartan alliance in the fight against the tyrant Lycophron [2] of Pherae and captured Pharsalus, which housed a Spartan garrison (Diod. Sic. 14,82,5f.; cf. Aristot. Hist. an. 618b). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985, 191. [German version] [2] Hetairos of Alexander the Great and author of a work about him Son of Oxyth…

Eurydice

(660 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Εὐρυδίκη; Eurydíkē). [German version] [1] Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines, initially that of the wife of Aeneas in the  Cypria (Paus. 10,26,1; catalogue [1. 193]). The best-known is the wife of  Orpheus; the myth is told by  Vergilius (Georg. 4,453-527) and  Ovidius (Met. 10,1-147; 11,1-66) in the form that has since become canonical: E. died of a snakebite on the day of her marriage; through the power of his songs Orpheus was able to persuade the ru…

Tlepolemus

(811 words)

Author(s): Heinze, Theodor (Geneva) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Τληπόλεμος/ Tlēpólemos, Doric Τλαπόλεμος/ Tlāpólemos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Astyochia Son of Heracles [1] and Astyochia. After the Heraclidae retreated from the Peloponnese, T. settled in Argos along with Licymnius [1] and killed him there in the midst of an argument (Diod. 4,58,5-8; in Tiryns: Pind. Ol. 7,20-38; unintentionally: Zenon of Rhodos FGrH 523 F 1). As a result, T. fled to Rhodos, where he followed the Doric tradition and "settled three times according to phyle " (Hom. Il. 2,668), that is, he created a new political fo…

Phthia

(341 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
[German version] [1] Kingdom of Peleus and Achilles (Φθία/ Phthía, Φθίη/ Phthíē). The kingdom of Peleus and Achilles [1], home of the Myrmidones (Hom. Il. 1,155; 2,683f.; 762-767; 19,323; Hom. Od. 11,496), extending over the valley of the Spercheius and the adjacent north shore of the Thermaios Kolpos (Str. 9,5,8). The Spercheius was regarded as the home river of Achilles (Hom. Il. 23,140-144) and Phthios as the son of Spercheus (schol. Hom. Il. 23,142). The Dolopes lived 'in the most remote part of P.' (H…

Archon

(211 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
[German version] [1] Macedonian officer, Satrap of Babylonia (2nd half 4th cent. BC) Macedonian officer in the army of  Alexander [4], in 326 BC one of the triarchoi of the fleet on the  Hydaspes, prior to Alexander's death satrap of Babylonia, where he stayed on after the reorganization of Babylon (Diod. Sic. 18,3,3). Soon after, however,  Perdiccas sent  Docimus as his successor. A. was killed in the fight against him (Arr. succ. FGrH 156 F 10). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 103. [German version] [2] Achaean strategos (1st half of the 2nd cent. BC) Of Aegira, br…

Mentor

(446 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basle) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Μέντωρ; Méntōr). [German version] [1] Father of Imbrios of Pedaion Father of Imbrius of Pedaeum (Hom. Il. 13,171). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] Son of Alkimos, companion of Odysseus M. of Ithaca, son of Alcimus (Hom. Od. 22,235), companion of Odysseus, who on his departure to Troy hands over to M. the supervision of his household (ibid. 2,225ff.). In the People's Assembly M. firmly opposes the behaviour of the suitors (ibid. 2,224ff.). The goddess Athena often takes on his form in order to help Telemachus wi…

Cleitus

(556 words)

Author(s): Michel, Raphael (Basle) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος; Kleitós, Kleîtos, Klîtos, ‘The Famous One’). [German version] [1] Nephew of the seer Melampus Nephew of the famous seer  Melampus, son of Mantius, father of Coeranus. He was abducted by Eos because of his beauty (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [2] Great nephew of C. [1] Great nephew of C. [1], son of Polyidus and Eurydameia. He and his brother Euchenor marched with the Epigones ( Epigoni [2]) against Thebes and then joined Agamemnon (Pherecydes ibid.). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [3] Son of…

Amyntas

(921 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Ἀμύντας; Amýntas). [German version] [1] Macedonian king (end of 6th cent. BC) First historically verifiable king of Macedonia, friend of the  Peisistratids. Upon Darius' appearance in Europe he became his vassal-satrap and was rewarded with an expansion of his territory and the marriage of his daughter to a member of the  Achaemenids. His son  Alexander [2] invented a novelistic history (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), in order to make this credible for the Greeks. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff. E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (ed.), G…

Callisthenes

(547 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
(Καλλισθένης; Kallisthénēs). [German version] [1] Of Olynthus, Alexander historian, related to Aristotle Callisthenes of  Olynthus,  Alexander historian, son of a female cousin of  Aristotle [6], who raised him (Plut. Alexander 55,8) and whom he accompanied to  Assos, Macedonia and then perhaps to Athens. After the death of  Hermias [1] he wrote in praise of him (quoted by Didymus, In Demosthenem 5-6). Together with Aristotle he composed a list of Pythionikai ( Pythia) and agonothetai ( Agonothetes) of the Pythian Games for which the two were honoured in Delphi (Syll.3 275). The…

Hegesistratus

(274 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἡγησίστρατος; Hēgēsístratos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Sigeum, around 530 BC Son of  Peisistratus and the Argive Timonassa (Hdt. 5,94; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 17,3). Installed as tyrant of Sigeum by his father around 530 BC, he defended the city as a colony of the Peisistratids against the Mytilenaeans (Hdt. loc. cit.).  Tyrannis Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Davies 11793,VI (B) M. Stahl, Aristokraten und Tyrannen, 1987, 220f. Traill, PAA 481600. [German version] [2] Seer in the army of Mardonius, 5th cent. BC H. of Elis, son of Tellias. Fled from Spartan captivity an…

Chaeron

(334 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Χαίρων; Chaírōn). [German version] [1] Mythical son of Apollo and Thero Mythical son of Apollo and Thero (in Plut. Sulla 17: Thuro); founder of the city named after him,  Chaeronea (Hes. Cat. fr. 252 M-W = Paus. 9,40,5f.; Hellanicus FGrH 379 F3). Plutarch names a son dead in childhood after him (Consolatio ad uxorem 5 p. 609d). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] Spartan polemarch, late 5th cent. BC Spartan polemarch who died in 403 BC in  Pausanias' assault on Piraeus. He was buried on the Cerameicus (Xen. Hell. 2,4,33; Lys. epit. 63). His grave has been p…

Craterus

(667 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Κράτερος, Κρατερός; Kráteros, Kraterós). [German version] [1] Son of Alexander of Orestis, commander under Alexander the Great Son of Alexander of Orestis. Under Alexander [4], he commanded a   táxis of the   pezétairoi at the  Granicus (334 BC), and near  Issus (333) and  Gaugamela (331), he commanded the entire regiment. C. held a leading command against the  Uxii and the Ariobarzanes [2], as he also did in the wars in  Hyrcania and Areia [1] after Darius' death [3]. He played an important role in the …

Cleander

(290 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Κλέανδρος; Kléandros). [German version] [1] C. of Gela Founded tyrannis in Gela in 505 BC Son of Pantares. C. founded c. 505 BC the tyrannis in  Gela and was assassinated after governing for seven years. C. created the preconditions for the rise of Gela under his brother and successor Hippocrates [4] (Hdt. 7,154; Aristot. Pol. 1316a 37f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography D. Asheri, in: CAH 42, 1988, 758 H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 137. [German version] [2] Spartan commander in Byzantium c. 400 BC Spartan commander ( harmostḗs) in Byzantium. After the Greek…

Kleandros

(275 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Κλέανδρος). [English version] [1] K. aus Gela Begründete 505 v. Chr. die Tyrannis in Gela Sohn des Pantares. K. begründete ca. 505 v.Chr. die Tyrannis in Gela und fiel nach siebenjähriger Regierung einem Mordanschlag zum Opfer. K. schuf die Voraussetzungen für den Aufstieg Gelas unter seinem Bruder und Nachfolger Hippokrates [4] (Hdt. 7,154; Aristot. pol. 1316a 37f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography D. Asheri, in: CAH 42, 1988, 758  H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 137. [English version] [2] Spartanischer Befehlshaber in Byzantion um 400 v. Chr. Spartanischer B…

Archon

(190 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München)
[English version] [1] Maked. Offizier, Satrap von Babylonien (2.H. 4. Jh. v. Chr.) Maked. Offizier im Heer Alexandros' [4], 326 v. Chr. einer der Trierarchen der Flotte auf dem Hydaspes, vor Alexandros' Tod Satrap von Babylonien, was er nach der Neuordnung von Babylon blieb (Diod. 18,3,3). Bald aber sandte ihm Perdikkas Dokimos als Nachfolger. Im Kampf gegen ihn fiel A. (Arr. succ. FGrH 156 F 10). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 103. [English version] [2] Achaiischer Bundesstratege (1.H. 2. Jh. v. Chr) Aus Aigeira, Bruder des Xenarchos, wie Philopoimen u…

Herakles

(3,080 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Ley, Anne (Xanten) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Ἡρακλῆς). [English version] [1] griech. Heros In Mythos und Kult der prominenteste griech. Heros (Heroenkult). In seinen Mythen, die sich zu keinem auf ihn fokussierten überragenden Werk der Dichtung niedergeschlagen haben, ist er bes. mit Theben, Argos und der Landschaft um Trachis verbunden, im Kult wird er fast panhellenisch verehrt, ohne daß aber ein Ort ein Heroengrab vorzeigen könnte. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) I. Kult und Mythos [English version] A. Name Sein Name ist schon in der Ant. mit dem der Hera verbunden worden: er fügt sich zur geläufigen Bildung gr…

Mentor

(395 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basel) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Μέντωρ). [English version] [1] Vater des Imbrios aus Pedaion Vater des Imbrios aus Pedaion (Hom. Il. 13,171). Frey, Alexandra (Basel) [English version] [2] Sohn des Alkimos, Gefährte des Odysseus M. aus Ithaka, Sohn des Alkimos (Hom. Od. 22,235), Gefährte des Odysseus; dieser überträgt M. bei seiner Abfahrt nach Troia die Aufsicht über sein Haus (ebd. 2,225ff.). M. tritt in der Volksversammlung energisch gegen das Verhalten der Freier auf (ebd. 2,224ff.). Die Göttin Athena nimmt oft seine Gestalt an, um Telemachos mit ihre…

Lykiskos

(296 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München)
(Λυκίσκος). [English version] [1] Statthalter von Epeiros, Ende 4. Jh. v. Chr. Wurde 316 v.Chr. von Kassandros, nachdem die Epeirotai (Epeiros) ihren König Aiakides [2] verbannt und sich Kassandros angeschlossen hatten, dort als Statthalter eingesetzt. Nach dem Synoikismos der östl. Akarnanes bekam er den Auftrag, die Akarnanes gegen die Aitoloi zu schützen. Aiakides kehrte zurück und machte Epeiros dem Kassandros abtrünnig, dessen Bruder Philippos ihn jedoch überwand und tötete. Als Alketas [3] Aiakides' P…

Chairon

(322 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Princeton) | Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Χαίρων). [English version] [1] Sohn des Apollon und der Thero Mythischer Sohn des Apollon und der Thero (bei Plut. Sulla 17: Thuro), Gründer der nach ihm benannten Stadt Chaironeia (Hes. cat. fr. 252 M-W = Paus. 9,40,5f.; Hellanikos FGrH 379 F3). Plutarch nennt einen früh verstorbenen Sohn nach ihm (consolatio ad uxorem 5 p. 609d). Bloch, René (Princeton) [English version] [2] Spartanischer Polemarch, Ende 5. Jh. v.Chr. Spartanischer Polemarch, der 403 v.Chr. beim Sturm des Pausanias auf den Piräus fiel. Er wurde auf dem Kerameikos bestattet (Xen. hell. 2,4,33…

Kallisthenes

(517 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
(Καλλισθένης). [English version] [1] von Olynthos, Alexanderhistoriker, mit Aristoteles verwandt K. von Olynthos, Alexanderhistoriker, Sohn einer Kusine von Aristoteles [6], bei dem er aufwuchs (Plut. Alexander 55,8) und den er nach Assos, nach Makedonien und vielleicht dann nach Athen begleitete. Nach dem Tod des Hermias [1] verfaßte er eine Lobschrift auf diesen (Zitat bei Didymos, In Demosthenem 5-6). Gemeinsam mit Aristoteles stellte er eine Liste der Pythionikai (Pythia) und Agonothetai (Agonothetes)…

Hieron

(824 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἱέρων). [English version] [1] H.I. Tyrann von Syrakus um 500 v. Chr. aus Gela, Deinomenide, Bruder Gelons [1], geb. ca. 540/530 v.Chr. Heiratete zuerst eine Tochter des Nikokles von Syrakus (vor 485), danach des Anaxilaos von Rhegion (ca. 480), schließlich des Xenokrates, eines Bruders des Theron von Akragas (ca. 475). Er siegte mehrere Male beim Pferde- und Wagenrennen in Delphi (482, 478, 470) und Olympia (476, 472, 468) [1. 208ff.]. 485 von Gelon mit der Herrschaft über Gela betraut, folgte er diesem 47…

Glaukias

(325 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Γλαυκίας). [English version] [1] Bronzebildner aus Aigina, Anf. 5. Jh. v. Chr. Bronzebildner aus Aigina. Laut Pausanias schuf er in Olympia Statuen der Faustkämpfer Glaukos, Philon und Theagenes, deren Siege bzw. Ehrungen im 1. Viertel des 5. Jh. v.Chr. erfolgten. Nach der Beschreibung waren sie bewegt, teils beim Schattenboxen wiedergegeben, wovon Kleinbronzen zumindest eine Vorstellung geben. Für Gelon von Syrakus schuf er nach dessen Wagensieg 488 v.Chr. ein Monument, von dem Teile der Basis mit Inschr. erh. sind. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) Bibliography Overbeck, Nr. 429-4…

Medios

(286 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Köln) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto)
[English version] [1] Dynast von Larisa, Eroberer von Pharsalos 395 v.Chr. (Μήδιος in Hss.; besser Medeios, Μήδειος, inschr.). Dynast von Larisa [3], aus der Familie der Aleuadai, Nachfolger des Aristippos; schloß sich im J. 395 v.Chr. im Kampf gegen den Tyrannen Lykophron [2] von Pherai der neugegründeten antispartanischen Allianz an und eroberte Pharsalos, in dem eine spartan. Besatzung lag (Diod. 14,82,5f.; vgl. Aristot. hist. an. 618b). Beck, Hans (Köln) Bibliography H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985, 191. [English version] [2] Hetairos von Alexander d.Gr. und Verf. einer …

Krateros

(592 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Κράτερος, Κρατερός). [English version] [1] Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, Offizier Alexandros' d. Gr. Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, befehligte unter Alexandros [4] am Granikos eine táxis der pezétairoi (334 v.Chr.) und bei Issos (333) und Gaugamela (331) das ganze Regiment. Gegen die Uxii und Ariobarzanes [2] sowie - nach dem Tod des Dareios [3] - im Krieg in Hyrkania und Areia [1] hielt K. ein führendes Kommando. Bei dem Staatsstreich gegen Philotas, dessen Bespitzelung er 322 eingeleitet hatt…

Aristonus

(207 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
(Ἀριστόνους). [English version] [1] Gründer von Akragas ca. 580 v. Chr. A. von Gela, einer der Gründer von Akragas ca. 580 v. Chr. (Thuk. 6,4,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [English version] [2] Schwager des Tyrannen Gelon von Syrakus (1.H. 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Schwager des Tyrannen Gelon von Syrakus und einer der Vormünder seines Sohnes Timaios (FGrH 566 F 21). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [English version] [3] Maked. Offizier (gest. 315 v. Chr.) Diente als Somatophylax (seit 328 v. Chr.?) unter Alexandros [4] und war Trierarch der Hydaspesflotte; nach Alexandros' Tod Offizie…

Menes

(371 words)

Author(s): Seidlmayer, Stephan Johannes (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
[English version] [1] äg. Herrscher der 1. Dyn. Seit der 19. Dyn. (13. Jh.v.Chr.) nennen die äg. Königslisten einen König M. (äg. Mnj; Manetho: Μήνης) als ersten Herrscher der 1. Dyn., und die Autoren der klass. Ant. gestalteten sein Bild zu dem des Gründers schlechthin aus. Die Anlage der Residenzstadt Memphis und ihres Tempels (Hdt. 2,99; Ios. ant. Iud. 8,155), die Erfindung der Schrift (Plin. nat. 7,56), die schriftl. Fixierung der Gesetze (Diod. 1,94) und überhaupt die Einführung zivilisierter Lebensformen (Diod. 1,43.45, Plut. Is. 8) wurden ihm zugeschrieben. Die Identifikati…

Hegesistratos

(253 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Köln) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἡγησίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Sigeion, um 530 v.Chr. Sohn des Peisistratos und der Argeierin Timonassa (Hdt. 5,94; Aristot. Ath. pol. 17,3). Von seinem Vater um 530 v.Chr. als Tyrann von Sigeion eingesetzt, verteidigte er die Stadt als “Kolonie” der Peisistratiden gegen die Mytilenäer (Hdt. a.O.). Tyrannis Beck, Hans (Köln) Bibliography Davies 11793,VI (B)  M. Stahl, Aristokraten und Tyrannen, 1987, 220f.  Traill, PAA 481600. [English version] [2] Seher im Heer des Mardonios, 5. Jh. v.Chr. H. aus Elis, Sohn des Tellias. Floh aus der spartanischen Gefa…

Polydamas

(359 words)

Author(s): Nünlist, René (Basel) | Cobet, Justus (Essen) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Πολυδάμας, bei Homer metr. gedehnt: Πουλυδάμας). [English version] [1] Troianer Troianer, Sohn des Panthus. P. verfügt aufgrund seiner Erfahrung über Einsicht in Vergangenes und Zukünftiges und repräsentiert als klug besonnener Warner das pessimistische alter ego des Stadtverteidigers Hektor, mit dem er den Geburtstag teilt. Allerdings wird P.' vernünftiger Ratschlag (Rückzug in die Stadt) im entscheidenden Moment, wo er trotz früherer Auftritte erstmals als Figur näher vorgestellt wird, in den Wind geschlagen (Hom. Il. 18,249-…

Kleitarchos

(431 words)

Author(s): Cobet, Justus (Essen) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Κλείταρχος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Eretria 343/42-341 v. Chr. Tyrann von Eretria. Als Verbannter hatte er wohl schon 349/8 v.Chr. erfolglos versucht, sich u.a. mit Hilfe Philipps II. gegen ein athenisches Heer unter Phokion Eretrias zu bemächtigen (Aischin. Ctes. 86-88 mit schol. [1. 318, Anm. 2]). Philipps Intervention in Euboia 343 und 342 [1. 502f., 545-549] brachte K. an die Macht (Demosth. or. 8,36; 9,57f.; 18,71; 19,87). Phokion vertrieb ihn 341 wieder (Philochoros FGrH 328 F 160; Diod. 16,74,1). Tyrannis Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography 1 N.G.L. Hammond, G…

Amyntas

(864 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[English version] [1] Makedon. König (Ende 6. Jh. v. Chr.) Erster histor. faßbarer König von Makedonien, Gastfreund der Peisistratidai. Bei Dareios' Erscheinen in Europa wurde er sein Vasall-Satrap und mit Gebietserweiterung und der Vermählung seiner Tochter mit einem Mitglied der Achaimenidai belohnt. Sein Sohn Alexandros [2] erfand eine romanhafte Gesch. (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), um das den Griechen annehmbar zu machen. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff.  E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (Hrsg.), Greek Historiography, 1994, …

Kleitos

(516 words)

Author(s): Michel, Raphael (Basel) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος, “der Berühmte”). [English version] [1] Neffe des Sehers Melampus Neffe des berühmten Sehers Melampus, Sohn des Mantios, Vater des Koiranos. Er wird wegen seiner Schönheit von Eos entrückt (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherekydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [2] Großneffe von K. [1] Großneffe von K. [1], Sohn des Polyidos und der Eurydameia. Er und sein Bruder Euchenor ziehen mit den Epigonen (Epigonoi [2]) gegen Theben und schließen sich danach Agamemnon an (Pherekydes ebd.). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [3] Sohn des Pei…

Phthia

(323 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
[English version] [1] Reich des Peleus und Achilleus (Φθία, Φθίη). Das Reich des Peleus und Achilleus [1], Heimat der Myrmidones (Hom. Il. 1,155; 2,683f.; 762-767; 19,323; Hom. Od. 11,496), also das Tal des Spercheios mit der anschließenden Nordküste des Thermaios Kolpos (Strab. 9,5,8). Der Spercheios galt als Heimatfluß des Achilleus (Hom. Il. 23,140-144), Phthios als Sohn des Spercheios (schol. Hom. Il. 23,142); die Dolopes wohnten ‘im äußersten Teil von Ph.’ (Hom. Il. 9,484), die Ainianes betrachtete…

Thessalonica

(1,235 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Berger, Albrecht (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Θεσσαλονίκη/ Thessaloníkē). [German version] [1] City in Thessalia This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Diadochi and Epigoni | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Limes | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome (Latin Thessalonica, -nice; today also T.) Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) [German version] I. Location, Classical Period City on the Thermaic Gulf (Thermaios Kolpos) with a favourable natural harbour and best connections with the hin…

Dionysodorus

(550 words)

Author(s): Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Διονυσόδωρος; Dionysódōros). [German version] [1] Taxiarch to Theramenes c. 400 BC Taxiarch to Theramenes, betrayed to the Thirty by Agoratus (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). The latter was taken to court in 399/98 BC by D.'s brother and brother-in-law, Dionysius, the speaker of the 13th oration written by Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Theban and Olympic winner, envoy and participant in the battle of Issus Theban and Olympic winner. Sent as an ambassador to  Darius [3] and taken prisoner together with other Greek ambassadors by Parmenion in …

Thoas

(739 words)

Author(s): Binder, Carsten (Kiel) | Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Θόας/ Thóas). [German version] [1] Mythical ruler of Lemnos Mythical ruler of Lemnos (Hom. Il. 14,230; 23,745), son of Dionysus and Ariadne, brother of Oenopion and Staphylus [1] (Apollod. Epit. 1,9). Through his daughter Hypsipyle (Ov. Ep. 6,114), T. is connected with the legend of the Argonauts, because she saved him from the murder of the men by the Lemnian women (Apollod. 1,114 f.); nevertheless, he was killed later (ibid. 3,65) or, according to another version, escaped to Oinoie (= Sicinos) or Chio…

Xenophilus

(338 words)

Author(s): Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Harmon, Roger (Basle) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Högemann, Peter (Tübingen)
(Ξενόφιλος/ Xenóphilos). [German version] [1] Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC, victorious once at the Lenaia [1. test. 2] and possibly also once at the Dionysia [1. test. 1]; neither play titles nor fragments survive. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 803. [German version] [2] X. of Chalcidice Pythagorean and music theorist, c. 400 BC Pupil of Philolaus [2] (Diog. Laert. 8,46) and one of the last of the Pythagoreans (Iambl. v.P. 251; cf. Pythagoras [2]). X. was thought remarkable in Antiquity prim…

Hephaestion

(1,281 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster)
(Ἡφαιστίων; Hēphaistíōn). [German version] [1] Commander under Alexander the Great, 4th cent. BC H. of Pella, friend and probably lover of  Alexander [4]. Their relationship was soon likened to that of  Patroclus and  Achilles [1] and correspondingly embellished. It is doubtful whether he was a childhood friend of Alexander (Curt. 3,12,16), as he was not banished by  Philippus II in 337 BC. The wreath offered to Patroclus at Troy and the scene described in the vulgate version ( Alexander historians) of the c…

Parmenion

(607 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ax, Wolfram (Cologne) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Παρμενίων/ Parmeníōn). [German version] [1] General under Philippus [4] II Son of Philotas from Upper Macedonia, born in 400 BC, successful general under Philippus[4] II (cf. Plut. Mor. 177c); involved in 346 in the peace treaty with Athens (Dem. Or. 19,69; Philocrates [2]). After Philippus' marriage to Cleopatra [II 2], the niece of Attalus [1], P. gave him his daughter, shared with him command of the troops in Asia in 336 and then had him killed at the command of Alexander [4] the Great (Curt. 7,1,3). Thus he established his Hausmacht. Under Alexander he was the leader of the w…

Aristobulus

(1,172 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἀριστόβουλος; Aristóboulos). [German version] [1] Judas A. I., High Priest 104-103 BC Judas A. I, son and successor of John  Hyrcanus, High Priest in 104-103 BC, had his mother and brother incarcerated or killed to secure his rule. This and his philhellenic leanings determined his negative image in Jewish tradition. The claim of Josephus that he took on the title of king is thrown into doubt by (rare) coins with the Hebrew legend: ‘Judas the High Priest and the Council of Elders of the Jews’. During his ca…

Memnon

(1,680 words)

Author(s): Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) | Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Μέμνων; Mémnon). [German version] [1] Mythical King of the Ethiopians Mythical King of the Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Eos, brother of Emathion (Hes. Theog. 984-5). His entry into Troy as an ally of the Trojans after the death of Penthesilea, his successful single combat with Antilochus, his death at the hands of Achilles and the immortality conferred upon him by Zeus at the behest of Eos were, as the summary of Proclus (Chrestomathia 172) shows, depicted in the lost Cyclic epic Aithiopís . Hom. Od. 4,187-8 and Pind. P. 6,28-39 also refer to his single combat with Antiloc…

Meno

(805 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Μένων; Ménōn). [German version] [1] Recipient of Athenian citizenship according to Demosthenes For his support for the Athenians in their attack on Eion [1] on the Strymon, M. of Pharsalus was, according to Demosthenes (Or. 13,23), awarded atéleia or (Or. 23,199) Athenian citizenship [1. 20-23]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Military official under Cyrus the younger, ca. 400 BC M. of Pharsalus, was, like his ancestors, closely connected to the Thessalian dynasty of the Aleuadai (M. was the erṓmenos, ‘beloved’, of Aristippus) and bound by paternal hosp…

Hagnon

(282 words)

Author(s): Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Stanzel, Karl-Heinz (Tübingen)
(Ἅγνων; Hágnōn). [German version] [1] Strategos in Athens, 5th cent. BC Father of Theramenes [1. 191], in 440 BC stratēgós in the war of Athens against rebellious Samos (Thuc. 1,117,2). H. founded Amphipolis in 437/6 (Thuc. 4,102,3; 5,11,1). At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War he held the office of strategos again in 431/0 and 429/8 (Thuc. 2,58,1; 6,31,2; 2,95,3 [2. 117, 121]). According to Plutarch (Pericles 32) he was one of the opponents of  Pericles. In April 421 he signed, among other things, the peace treaty (Peace of Nicias) betwe…

Hecataeus

(1,551 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Ἑκαταῖος; Hekataîos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Cardia, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of  Cardia, kept in office by  Alexander [4] although  Eumenes [1] made an effort to free the city (Plut. Eumenes 3). In the Lamian War, he supported  Antipater [1] (Diod. Sic. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Henchman of Alexander [4] the Gr., 4th cent. BC One of the  hetairoi of Alexander [4], entrusted by him in 336 BC with the removal of  Attalus [1], whom he murdered (Diod. Sic. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 292 (not identical with …

Hippostratus

(186 words)

Author(s): Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Ἱππόστρατος; Hippóstratos). [German version] [1] Seducer of Periboea Son of Amarynceus who seduced  Periboea, daughter of Hipponous (Apollod. 1,74; Hes. fr. 12 M-W). Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) [German version] [2] Nephew of Attalus [1] Nephew of  Attalus [1], brother of  Cleopatra, after whose death he was executed by  Alexander [4] the Great (cf. Iust. 11,5,1); not to be identified with other men by the same name. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 390. [German version] [3] H. Soter Indo-Greek king in Gandhara in the 1st cent. BC One of the later I…

Olympias

(742 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Brändle, Rudolf (Basle) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim)
(Ὀλυμπιάς; Olympiás). [German version] [1] Daughter of Neoptolemus Daughter of Neoptolemus [2], born in about 375 BC. She was not given the name O. until after the Olympic victory of Philippus II in 356 BC (cf. Plut. Mor. 401b). She married Philip in 357 as his fifth wife (Ath. 13,557b) and bore him Alexander [4] the Great (356) and Cleopatra [II 3]. The birth of a successor elevated O.'s status, but there is no evidence of any political influence. After Philip's marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] she fled to…

Iolaus

(547 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Ἰόλαος; Iólaos). [German version] [1] Nephew of Heracles Nephew of  Heracles, son of the latter's half-brother  Iphicles and the (shadowy) Automedusa. He accompanies Heracles on practically all his adventures (mainly as chariot driver), becomes the first Olympic champion (image in Olympia, Paus. 5,17,11), receives  Megara as wife from Heracles and finally kills  Eurystheus in Attica (Paus. 1,44,10, grave), for which he was specially rejuvenated for one day (Eur. Heracl. 843-863, perhaps following Aesch…

Nearchus

(948 words)

Author(s): Mommsen, Heide (Stuttgart) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Νέαρχος; Néarchos). [German version] [1] Attic Black-Figure vase painter, c. 560 BC Attic black-figure vase painter and potter of the high Archaic Period, c. 560 BC. His name appears on eight vessels; of these one painter's and four potter's signatures are certainly his. N.'s importance is based primarily on the fragment of the great kantharos from the Acropolis with the painter's signature (Athens, NM Acr. 611 and AP 67), depicting Achilles harnessing his team of horses and the handover of weapons. By choosing the motif of harnessing - here for t…

Heracles

(3,370 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Ley, Anne (Xanten) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)
(Ἡρακλῆς; Hēraklês). [German version] [1] Greek hero The most prominent Greek hero ( Hero cult) in myth and cult. In his myths, which have not resulted in any outstanding work of poetry that is focussed on him, he is connected especially to Thebes, Argos and the countryside around Trachis; in the cult he is honoured almost panhellenically, without any place being able to display a hero's grave. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) I. Cult and Myth [German version] A. Name His name was connected with  Hera's already in antiquity: it follows the customary formation of Greek anthropo…

Olympias

(678 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Brändle, Rudolf (Basel) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim)
(Ὀλυμπιάς). [English version] [1] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2], geb. um 375 v.Chr. Den Namen O. erhielt sie erst nach dem Olympischen Sieg des Philippos II. im J. 356 v.Chr. (vgl. Plut. mor. 401b). Sie heiratete Philippos 357 als seine fünfte Gemahlin (Athen. 13,557b) und gebar ihm Alexandros [4] d.Gr. (356) und Kleopatra [II 3]. Die Geburt eines Nachfolgers erhöhte O.' Stellung, doch ist polit. Einfluß nicht nachzuweisen. Nach Philippos' Eheschließung mit Kleopatra [II 2] flo…

Aristobulos

(1,118 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
[English version] [1] Iudas A. I., Hoherpriester 104-103 v. Chr. Iudas A. I., Sohn und Nachfolger des Iohannes Hyrkanos, Hohepriester 104-103 v. Chr., ließ zur Sicherung seiner Herrschaft seine Mutter und seine Brüder einkerkern bzw. töten. Dies und seine philhell. Neigungen bestimmen sein negatives Bild in der jüd. Überlieferung. Die Behauptung des Iosephos, er habe den Königstitel angenommen, wird durch (seltene) Münzen mit der hebr. Legende: ›Iudas der Hohepriester und der Ältestenrat der Juden‹ in Fra…
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