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, as a financial term, assignation; in Islamic finance, an assignation on a muḳāṭaʿa [ q.v.] effected by order of the ruler in favour of a third party. The term is applied both to the mandate for the payment and to the sum paid. It is already established in these senses in ʿAbbāsid finance (see F. Løkkegaard, Islamic taxation in the classic period, Copenhagen 1950, 63-5). In the ʿAbbāsid empire, ḥawāla was widely used in both state and private finances to avoid the dangers and delays inherent in the transport of cash. The mandates were known as suftad̲j̲a [ q.v.] or ṣakk [ q.v.]. Thus we know tha…

Turkish term for falconer, from dog̲h̲an , falcon ( tog̲h̲an in Ki̊pčak Turkish, cf. al-Tuḥfa al-zakiyya fi ’l-lug̲h̲a al-Turkiyya , ed. B. Atalay, Istanbul 1945, 260), and in general use any kind of bird of prey. Bāzdār , from Persian, was also frequently used for the dog̲h̲and̲j̲i̊ . In the Ottoman empire the term dog̲h̲and̲j̲i̊ in the same sense as in later periods was found as early as the 8th/14th century (cf. P. Wittek, Zu einigen frühosmanischen Urkunden , in WZKM, liv (1957), 240; lvii (1961), 103; for dog̲h̲and̲j̲i̊ čiftligi see H. Inalcık, Sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid …

, Ottoman poet of the second half of the 15th century, the most important after S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ī and before Ned̲j̲ātī. He was the son of the ḳāḍī ʿasker Welī al-Dīn b. Ilyās (who claimed descent from Ḥusayn) and was most probably born in Adrianople (according to some authorities in Brusa). He was appointed müderris at the madrasa of Murād II in Brusa and in 855/1451 succeeded Mollā Ḵh̲osrew as ḳāḍī of Adrianople. After the accession of Muḥammad II he became ḳāḍī ʿasker, and tutor of the new ruler, obtaining the rank of vizier. He accompanied the sultan during the conquest ¶ of Constantinople. Thou…

(a.), mazraʿa , mezra or ekinlik in Turkish, means in general arable land, a field; as used in the Ottoman survey registers, it designates a periodic settlement or a deserted village and its fields. According to a regulation, to register a piece of land as mazraʿa it was required that it be checked whether the place had a village site in ruins, its own water supply and a cemetery (Barkan, 53, 133, 190). Such a piece of land is occasionally called matrūk yer, abandoned land. In the daftars [ q.v.] we often find the following note on mazraʿas : “previously it was a villag…

one of the principal cities in eastern Turkey, today the chief town of the province of Erzurum with a population of 91,196 (1960 census). Situated between the Karasu and Aras valleys which formed the main thorough fare between Turkey and Īrān for caravans and armies, Erzurum has been an important commercial and military centre in the area since antiquity. It was the ancient Ḳarin, also called Ḳarnoi Ḳal(g̲h̲)aḳ in Armenian, from which Ḳālīḳalā or Ḳālī in the Arabic sources (cf. Ibn Ḥawḳal, i, 343; Ibn al-Faḳīh, Ak̲h̲bār al-buldān , Leiden 1885, 295) must have …

, Ottoman Vizier. Georgian in origin, Aḥmed entered Selīm I’s palace as iĉ-og̲h̲lani̊ ; later, as büyük emīr-i ākhūr he took part in the campaign against the Mamlūks in 1516-7 and became beglerbegi of Rūm-ili in 1519. In the campaign of Süleymān I against Belgrade Aḥmed’s plan of operations was accepted. Accordingly he took Bögürdelen (Sabacz) (2 S̲h̲aʿbān 927/8 July 1521) and invaded Syrmia. As a reward for his services in the siege of Belgrade the sultan appointed him vizier of the dīwān (autumn of 1521). In the campaign against Rhodes he, as commander…

, Ottoman name for George (Gjergj) Kastriota (b. 808/1405, d. 872/1468), in Western sources Scanderbeg, etc., hero of the Al-banian “resistance” to the Turks in the mid-9th/15th century. By the first half of the 9th/15th century the Kastriota family, with their centre at Matia, had supplanted the Bashas as the most influential power of Northern Albania. They had acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty since 787/1385; Iskender’s father John/Ivan (in Ottoman sources Yovan) had been a buffer between the Venetians installed in Scutari (Is̲h̲kodra [ q.v.]) and the Ottomans, ready to flee …

, Ottoman sultan, reigned 816-24/1413-21, also known as Čelebi (Turkish "of high descent", "prince") or as Kiris̲h̲d̲j̲i (from Krytzes , meaning in Greek "young lord"). During the period of interregnum, 804-16/1402-13, he ruled over Anatolia from Tokat, Amasya, and Bursa while his brothers Süleyman (804-13/1402-11) and Mūsā (813-16/1411-13) had control of Rūmili from Edirne. Meḥemmed brought under his rule Bursa and western Anatolia in the years 805-6/1403-4 and 813-16/1410-13, and finally ac…

, originally rūm-ili , the territory of the Rūm [ q.v.], the geographical name given to the Balkan peninsula by the Ottomans; also the ¶ name of the Ottoman province which included this region. The Muslims knew the Byzantines as Rūm , and the Eastern Roman Empire as Bilād al-Rūm or Mamlakat al-Rūm , hence once Anatolia came under Turkish-Islamic rule, the designation Rūm survived as a geographic name to designate Asia Minor. Some Western travellers of the 13th century, however, referred to Anatolia under Turkish rule as Turquemenie or Turquie and used the name Romania …

, Ḵh̲ān of the Crimea from 1116/1704 until 1118/1707. In Rad̲j̲ab 1110/January 1699 he was appointed Nuradin ( Nūr al-Dīn [ q.v.]) by his brother Dewlet Girāy II, but rebelled, in collusion wtih the Nog̲h̲ay, and was dismissed. He came to Edirne and was exiled by the Porte to Rhodes. Upon the accession of his father Selīm Girāy [ q.v.] in 1114/1702, he was recalled and made ḳalg̲h̲ay [ q.v.], and at his death succeeded him as Ḵh̲ān (3 Ramaḍān 1116/30 December 1704). In spite of the Porte’s pacific attitude, he himself followed an anti-Russian policy during the Ru…

son of Sultan Meḥemmed II, was born on 27 Ṣafar 864/22 December 1459 in Edirne (cf. Wāḳiʿāt-i Sulṭān Ḏj̲em , 1). His mother, Čiček K̲h̲ātūn, was one of the djāriyes in Meḥemmed II’s harem. She may have been connected with the Serbian royal house (cf. Thuasne, Djem-Sultan , Paris 1892, 2). Her brother, ʿAlī Beg, was with D̲j̲em in Rhodes in 887/1482 ( Wāḳiʿāt , 7). D̲j̲em was sent to the sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḳastamoni as its governor with his two lalas in the first ten days ( awāʾil ) of Rad̲j̲ab 873/15-25 January 1469 ( Wāḳiʿāt, 1; according to Kemāl Pas̲h̲azāde, Tevârih-i Āl-i Osman …

also called čift-ḥaḳḳi̊ or ḳulluḳ-aḳčasi̊ , in the Ottoman empire the basic raʿiy̲y̲e̲t (see reʿāyā ) tax paid in principle by every Muslim peasant, raʿiyyet , possessing one čift . The term čift (original meaning = "pair") was used to denote the amount of agricultural land which could be ploughed by two oxen. It was fixed as from 60 to 150 dönüm s according to the fertility of the soil (one dönüm was about 1000 sq. m. = 1196 sq. yds.). We find a čift-aḳčasi̊ in Anatolia under the Sald̲j̲ūḳids at the rate of one dīnār [ q.v.]. On the other hand the Ottoman čift-resmi had stri…

, Mawlānā ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-D̲j̲amālī , Ottoman S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām from 908/1502 to 932/1526, also called simply ʿAlī Čelebi or Zenbilli ʿAlī Efendi, was of a family of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ s and scholars of Ḳaramān who had settled in Amasya. D̲j̲amālī was born in this city (Ḥ. Ḥusām al-Dīn, Amasya taʾrīk̲h̲i , i, Istanbul 1327, 105, 321). After his studies under such famous scholars as Mollā K̲h̲usraw in Istanbul and Ḥusām-zāde Muṣliḥ al-Dīn in Bursa D̲j̲amālī was appointed a mudarris at the ʿAlī Beg Madrasa in Edirne. His cousin, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad D̲j̲amālī…

, originally Bog̲h̲dān-ili or Bog̲h̲dān-wilāyeti (‘the land of Bog̲h̲dān’), Turkish name of Moldavia, so called after Bog̲h̲dān who in 760/1359 founded a principality between the Eastern flanks of the Carpathians and the Dniester (Turla). The name Bog̲h̲dān-ili appears in the ḥükm of Meḥemmed II dated 859/1455 (Kraelitz, Osm. Urk. Table I). The name Ḳara-Bog̲h̲dān is found in the letter of Iminek dated 881/1476 (Belleten, no. 3-4, 644) and in the Ottoman chroniclers generally. The principality suffered its first raid ( aḳi̊n ) by the Ottomans in 823/142…

, also called burusa by the Ottomans after the ancient city of Prusa (προῦσα) on the northern foothills of Mysian Olympus, became the main capital of the Ottoman state between 726-805/1326-1402. It was mentioned by Pachymeres along with Nicaea and Philadelphia as one of the three principal cities still in the hands of the Byzantines when the Turkish borderers invaded the whole of western Anatolia about 699/1300. According to ʿĀs̲h̲iḳ Pas̲h̲azāde (ed. Fr. Giese, 22-23) the Ottomans were able to lay siege to Bursa for the first time when they invaded the Bursa pl…

, also called benlāk in the 9th/15th century, an Ottoman ʿörfī ( ʿurfī ) tax paid by married peasants ( muzawwad̲j̲ reʿāyā ) possessing a piece of land less than half a čift [ q.v.] or no land, the former being called ekinlü bennāk or simply bennāk and the latter d̲j̲abā bennāk or d̲j̲abā . The word bennāk might possibly be derived from the Arabic verb banaka . Actually the bennāk resmi made part of the čift resmi [ q.v.] system and can be considered originally as consisting of two or three of the seven services ( ḳulluḳ , Ḵh̲idmet ) included in the čift resmi. The rate of bennāk was 6 or 9 akča …

, in official documents Selīms̲h̲āh, nicknamed Yavuz or the Grim, ninth Ottoman sultan (reigned from 7 Ṣafar 918/24 April 1512 to 8 S̲h̲awwāl 926/21 September 1520), conqueror of eastern Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, and the first Ottoman sultan entitled K̲h̲ādim al-Ḥaramayn al-S̲h̲arīfayn or Servitor of Mecca and Medina. The struggle for the throne, 1509-13. To comprehend the circumstances and nature of the fierce struggle for the throne between Bāyezīd’s three sons Ḳorḳud, Aḥmed and Selīm, we have to keep in mind that Turco-Mongol peoples firmly be…

, ( bāyezīd ) I, called Yi̊ldi̊ri̊m, “the Thunderbolt”, Ottoman sultan (regn. 19 D̲j̲umādā II 791-13 S̲h̲aʿbān 805/15 June 1389-8 March 1403), born in 755/1354 of Murād I and Gül-čiček Ḵh̲ātūn. In about 783/1381 he was appointed governor of the province which was taken from the Germiyānids in guise of a dowry from his wife, Sulṭān Ḵh̲ātūn. Settled in Kütahya, he became responsible for the Ottoman interests in the East. He distinguished himself as an impetuous soldier (hence hi…

, the plateau between the Danube and the Lom river in the North, the Black Sea in the East and the Prowadijska river or the Balkan range in the South. Deli Orman in This area is distinguished from the steppe region, Dobrud̲j̲a-Ki̊ri̊, in the East which is considered as the Dobrud̲j̲a proper. Called Scythia Minor in the Graeco-Roman period, it was included in the Byzantine province of Paristrion (Bard̲j̲ān in Idrīsī’s world map) in 361/972. In Bulgarian Karvunska Chora, it was ‘the land of Karbon…

, a designation for the Turks from al-Rūm [ q.v.], which was once under the Eastern Roman Empire. The name Rūmī was widespread in all eastern Islamic countries, including the Arab lands, Persia, Central Asia and Indonesia, from the 9th/15th century onwards. The Ottomans restricted the name Rūm to the provinces in the Amasya and Sivas areas. The Rūmīs were appreciated particularly for their tactical skills and for skills in the making of firearms. Rūmī mercenaries were employed by the Mamlūk sultans, the rulers of Arabia, ʿIrāḳ, and, thereafter, by the Indian and Indon…