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[English edition] لم تذكر كلمة حسبة في القرآن ووقع استعمالها من ناحية في معنى واجب كلّ مسلم في «الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر» ومن ناحية أخرى في معنى وظيفة شخص يعهد إليه فعليّا في مدينة بتطبيق هذا القانون المتمثّل في مراقبة السلوك الأخلاقي وعلى الأخصّ مراقبة الأسواق. ويسمّى الشخص المكلّف بالحسبة بالمحتسب. ويبدو أنّه لا يوجد أيّ نص يوضّح بصراحة سبب اختيار هذه العبارة أو كيفية ظهور المعاني المذكورة أعلاه من فكرة «الحساب» أو «الكفاية» التي يعبر عنها جذر الكلمة. 1. فكرة عامّة: المصادر والجذور والواجبات إنّ الازدواجية في معنى عبارة الحسبة هي السبب في وجود المعلومات حولها في مثل هذا …

[English edition] الديوان يعني مجموعة شعريّة أو نثريّة (ارجع إلى الموادّ التالية: عربية، أدب فارسي، أدب تركي، أدب أردوي وشعر)، وهو سجلّ أو إدارة. وقد اختلفت المصادر حول جذور الكلمة اللغوية، إذ نسبها البعض إلى أصول فارسية مشتقّة من «داف» أي مجنون أو شيطان، مقترنة بوصف الكتبة. واعتبرها آخرون كلمة عربيّة مشتقة من فعل دوّن، أي جمع أو سجّل، ممّا يعني مجموعة من السجلاّت أو الأوراق (انظر 23- القلقشندي، صبح، الفصل الأول، 90. لسان العرب، 7/ 23ـ4.الصولي، أدب الكتاب، 187. الماوردي، الأحكام السلطانية، 175. الجهشياري، وزراء، 16–17. راجع البلاذري، فتوح،449). ولكن هذا اللفظ يعني إداريّا سجلّ الجند…

, the new capital of Pakistan [ q.v.], was set up in 1960 on the recommendation of a special commission, headed by General Yaḥyā Ḵh̲ān, then (1971) president of Pakistan. Situated between 33° 19′ and 33° 50′ N. and 72° 34′ and 72° 23′ E., ¶ some 8 miles from Rawalpindi, the general headquarters of the Pakistan army, the site elected “answers all questions relating to climate, landscape, communication, defence...”. Off the road to Murree, a nearby hill station, and spreading over an area of 351 sq. miles, consisting mostly of natural terrac…

, Sayyid Muḥammad al-Kāẓimī al-Ḥusaynī b. Sayyid K̲h̲ān alias Bad́d́h Uwaysī (cf. Āʾīn-i Akbarī , Bibl. Ind., ii, 241) and Bībī Āḳā Malik , the pseudo-Mahdī [ q.v.], was born at D̲j̲awnpur [ q.v.] on Monday, 14 D̲j̲umādā I 847/10 September 1443. None of the contemporary sources mentions the names of his parents as ʿAbd Allāh and Āmina, as claimed by the Mahdawī sources ( e.g., Sirād̲j̲ al-Abṣār , see Bibliography), in an obvious attempt to identify them with the names of the Prophet’s parents so that the prediction made in the aḥādīt̲h̲ al-Mahdī (cf. Ibn Taymiyya, Minhād̲j̲ al-Sunna …

, son of Rāy Sahrā entitled Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, the founder of the Langāh dynasty of Multān, who had usurped the throne by treacherously ousting his son-in-law, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, succeeded to the rule on the death of his father in 874/1469. Adventurous by nature, he began his reign by launching a succession of campaigns against the neighbouring forts of S̲h̲ōr (modern S̲h̲orkōt́), Činiōt́ [ q.v.] and Kahrōŕ (modern Kahrōŕ Pucca), which he easily reduced. At this time S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, who had taken refuge with Buhlōl Lōdī, the king of Delhi, p…

, a Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a-sarāʾī (eunuch) who ultimately rose to the high office of a provincial governor under the emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. Originally in the service of a grandee of Akbar’s court, on his death he joined the service of the Great Mogul who appointed him nāẓir (comptroller) of the household of Prince Salīm (later Ḏj̲ahāngīr) on his birth in 977/1569. He served the prince well and soon after his accession to the throne Salīm rewarded him by assigning to him the district of Gwāliyār as his d̲j̲āgīr in 1025/1607. Thereafter he received one promotion aft…

, mīr muḥammad amīn b. sayyid muḥammad naṣīr al-mūsawī , was a native of Nīs̲h̲āpūr who founded the Awadh dynasty of Nawwāb-Wazīrs (1136/1724-1167/1754). The exact date of his arrival in India is not known, but this much is certain, that he was in the service of Sarbuland Ḵh̲ān, commandant of Karā-Mānikpūr, in 1123/1711. On the accession of Farruk̲h̲-siyar to the throne of Delhi (1124/1713-1131/1719), he managed to obtain the post of a nāʾib-karōrī (a revenue official), through the good offices of Muḥammad Ḏj̲aʿfar, a manṣabdār . In 1132/1719 he was appoint…

, “son-in-law”, an honorific title given to mīr muḥammad bāḳir b. s̲h̲ams al-dīn muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-astarābadī , Called also al-Muʿallim al-T̲h̲ālit̲h̲ , the “third teacher” in philosophy ¶ after al-Fārābī. This title properly belongs to his father who was the son-in-law of the famous S̲h̲īʿī theologian ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-ʿĀlī al-Karakī, called al-Muḥaḳḳiḳ al-T̲h̲ānī (Brockelmann, S II, 574), but it was extended to the son, who is more correctly called Dāmādī or Ibn al-Dāmād. Born at Astarābād, Mīr-i Dāmād spent h…

, ṣadr al-dīn ḵh̲ān b. luṭf allāh , Indian writer of Kas̲h̲mīrī extraction, was born in Delhi in 1204/1789. He learnt the traditional sciences from S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ qq.v.] and the rational sciences from Faḍl-i Imām of Ḵh̲ayrābād, whom he succeeded in 1243/ 1827 as the last grand muftī and ṣadr al-ṣudūr of Imperial Delhi. In addition to his proficiency in various branches of knowledge he was a great authority on the Urdū language, and celebrated poets like G̲h̲ālib and Muʾmin often invited his opini…

, town and headquarters of the district of the same name in West Pakistan, situated in 33° 0′ N. and 70° 36′ E. Population in 1951 was 27, 516 for the town and 307,393 (district). The present town was founded by Lt. Edwardes Herberts in 1848 on a strategic site and named Edwardesābād. The name, however, did not become popular and soon fell into disuse, giving place to Bannū, the old name of the valley derived from the Bannʿučīs, an Afg̲h̲ān tribe of mixed descent. The valley, strewn with ruins of great antiquity, was, according t…

, the talented and accomplished daughter of the emperor Bābur [ q.v.] by one of his wives, Dildār Bēgam, who was a lineal descendant of the Central Asian ṣūfī Aḥmadi-Ḏj̲ām Zinda-Pīl , was born c. 929/1523 in Ḵh̲urāsān (Kabul?), two years before her father set out from Kabul on his last but historic expedition across the Indus in 932/1525, which won him the empire of India. That very year she was adopted by Māham Bēgam, mother of Humāyūn [ q.v.] and the senīor wife of Bābur, to rear and educate. In 936/1529 she left for Āgra [ q.v.], the seat of Bābur’s government, under the care of her fost…

, title of Mīrzā G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Muḥammad Teherānī, commonly known as G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ Bēg, son of Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad S̲h̲arif, onetime minister to the Ṣafawid S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp [ q.v.], father of Nūr D̲j̲ahān, wife of D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. Both his father and an uncle Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Aḥmad, father of the historian Amīn-i Rāzī, author of Haft Iḳlīm , held high offices of state under Ṭahmāsp. After the death of his father in 984/1576-7 he, for reasons not precisely known, left for India to seek his fortune. It is, however, clear that he …

(or īs̲h̲war-dās ), one of the two Hindu historians of the reign of Awrangzīb [ q.v.], was a Nāgarā Brahman of Pat́an (Nahrawālā or Anhalwaŕa [ q.v.] of Muslim historians). Born in 1066/1655 he seems to have received a good education in Persian language and belles-lettres at his native town. Up to 1096/1684 he was employed, most probably, as letter writer and scribe, with the ḳāḍī , S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām b. ḳāḍī ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, who was Ḳāḍī al-las̲h̲kar from 1086/1675 to 1096/1683. On account of certain differences with the Emperor Awrangzīb, S̲h̲ayk…

, town in East Pand̲j̲āb, India, situated 30° 21′ N and 76° 52′ E, 125 miles from Delhi on the way to Sirhind. The town consists of the old town and the cantonments, four miles away. The population in 1951 was 146,728. Though the neighbourhood of Ambāla played an important role in early Indian history, the town itself is first mentioned in the Safar-nāma-i Ḳāḍī Taḳī Muttaḳī (Bid̲j̲nawr 1909, 2 ff.), according to which it was occupied by the Muslims at the time of the second invasion of India by Muʿizz al-Dīn b. Sām in 587/1192. Iltutmis̲h̲ (608-33/1211-36) is reported to have appointed a ḳāḍī …

, formerly a princely state in India, now a part of the Indian Union, lying between 25° 41′ and 28° 34′ N. and 74° 13′ E., with an area of 15,579 sq. miles and a population of 1,650,000 in 1951. The ruling dynasty claimed descent from a son of Rāma, the legendary king of Ayōdhyā and the hero of the Sanskrit epic Rāmāyaṇa by Valmīki, in spite of the fact that the ex-ruler was also the head of the Kačhwāha clan of Rād̲j̲pūts. The fi…

(also known as Mīrza S̲h̲āh Ḥasan ) b. S̲h̲āh Bēg Arg̲h̲ūn, the founder of the Arg̲h̲ūn dynasty of Sind, was born in 896/1490 most probably at Ḳandahār which was then held by his father. On Bābur’s occupation of Ḳandahār in 913/1507 S̲h̲āh Bēg came to Sind and occupied the adjoining territories of S̲h̲āl and Sīwī (modern Sibī). In 921/1515 Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh fell out with his father and joined the service of Bābur, with whom he remained for two years. The domestic quarrel having been …

, the name given by the emperor Awrangzīb [ q.v.] to several towns in India, for reasons not precisely known. All these towns were already included in the Mug̲h̲al territories and were not freshly conquered from the Hindus to provide an excuse for their rechristening. Of these Čittāgong [ q.v.], now in E. Pakistan, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, is still known occasionally in religious circles as Islāmābād, the official name remaining the original Čittāgong. Mathurā, on the river Yamunā, known for its numerous temples and Hindu shrines, was…

, formerly a princely State in India, now forming a part of Rād̲j̲astʿhān, lying between 26° 43′ and 27° 50′ N. and 76° 53′ and 77° 46′ E. with an area of 1,982 sq. miles. The chief city is Bharatpūr, situated in 27° 13′ N. and 77° 30′ E., 34 miles from Agra, with a population of 37,321 in 1951. Paharsar, 14 miles from Bharatpūr, was first conquered in the 5th/11th century by the troops of Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna, under the Sayyid brothers, D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, who claimed descent from Imām D̲j̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ, in about 3 hours, as the local tradition goes, whence the place derives its name pahar…

, a Kas̲h̲mīrī of obscure origin, whose name was Muḥammad Murād, was originally in the service of Bahādur S̲h̲āh I ( reg . 1119/1707-1124/1712), enjoying a rank of 1,000 and the title of Wakālat Ḵh̲ān. On the accession to the throne of the ill-starred Farruk̲h̲siyar [ q.v.] in 1125/1713 his name was included among those listed for execution but on the intercession of the (Bārha) Sayyid brothers, ʿAbd Allāh Ḵh̲ān and Ḥusayn ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān, known as king-makers ( Bāds̲h̲āh-gar ), he was spared, promoted to a high office, appointed as basāwal (harbinger) of the army, a…

, muḥammad ẓahīr al-dīn mīrzā ʿalī bak̲h̲t bahādur gūrgānī , a lineal descendant of Awrangzīb and a grandson of ʿIffat Ārāʾ Begum (daughter of Muḥammad Muʿizz al-Dīn Pāds̲h̲āh (i.e. Ḏj̲ahāndār S̲h̲āh), son of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam (Bahādur S̲h̲āh I), was born in the Red Fort at Delhi in 1172/1758 and educated within the fort. Like other princes of the line of Tīmūr, Aẓfarī was in receipt of an allowance from the East India Company. Aẓfarī decided in 1202/1789 to escape from the fort. Passing…