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, Turkish form for Mytilene, name of the island of Lesbos, which in the middle ages had already taken the name of its capital. The island is about 650 sq. m. in area and has two large gulfs, the Gulf of Kalloni (Ḳalānia) and that of Jeros (Kelemia). When the Muslims first became acquainted with the island, it belonged to the Byzantine empire. Its conquest in the reign of the emperor Alexios Comnenos in 484 (1091) by the Emīr of Smyrna, Tzachas, father-in-law of the Seld̲j̲ūḳ Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān I b. Sulaimān, was only temporary. After the conqu…

, the eldest son of Muḥammad ʿAlī [ q.v.], general, and viceroy of Egypt. He is often described as Muḥammad ʿAlī’s “adopted” son. Amīna, a relative of his foster-father, the governor ( čorbad̲j̲i̊ ) of Kavalla in Macedonia, was certainly a divorced woman when Muḥammad ʿAlī married her in 1787, and it cannot be denied that Muḥammad ʿAlī had a certain preference for his son Ṭūsūn, who died on 28 September 1816; there was certainly also a rivalry between Ibrāhīm and Ṭūsūn. The year of his birth is decisive, h…

, one of the most prominent of the last Mamlūk amīrs of Egypt. He was brought to Egypt as a Circassian slave and passed into the possession of Muḥammad Abu ’l-Ḏh̲ahab, the favourite Mamlūk of ʿAlī Bey [q. v.]. He manumitted him and married him to his sister (cf. al-Ḏj̲abartī’s statement under the 4th Rabīʿ II 1216). In 1182 (1767-8) he was appointed one of the 24 Beys, in 1186 as Amīr al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ he led the Egyptian pilgrim caravan to Mecca. On his return the dispute between Muḥammad Abu ’l-Ḏh̲ahab and ʿAlī Bey had already been decided in favour…

, the eldest son of Muḥammad ʿAlī, a great general and viceroy of Egypt. He is often described as Muḥammad ʿAlī’s adopted son. Amīna, a relative of his foster-father, the governor ( corbad̲j̲i) of Kavalla in Macedonia, was certainly a divorced woman when Muḥammad ʿAlī married her in 1787 and it cannot be denied that Muḥammad ʿAlī had a certain preference for his son Ṭūsūn, who died on the 28th September 1816. There was certainly also a rivalry between Ibrāhīm and Ṭūsūn (cf. Mengin, ii. 81 sq.). The year of his birth is decisive, however, and this is usually given as 1789, but occ…