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, D̲j̲abal . a limestone escarpment running from the Libyan Mediterranean coast slightly to the west of the Tripolitanian town of al-K̲h̲ums in a west-south-western direction to Nalut ( Kharīṭa al-D̲j̲amāhiriyya al-ʿArabiyya al-Lībiyya al-S̲h̲aʿbiyya al-Is̲h̲tirākiyya…

(a. “uplands”), conventionally defined as the plateau region of the Arabian peninsula lying to the east of the Red Sea lowlands (al-Tihāma [ q.v.]) and the mountain barrier running down through the western side of the peninsula (al-Ḥid̲j̲āz [ q.v.]). …

(a.) “water”. The present article covers the religio-magical and the Islamic legal aspects of water, together with irrigation techniques, as follows: 1. Hydromancy A a vehicle for the sacred, water has been employed for various techn…

i.—Geography The geological background: The alignments of Iran’s principal topographie features, represented by the Kūhhā-yi Alburz and the Zagros Chain, are west to east and north-west to south-east, respectively. In broad context, the Alburz is a continuation of the European Alpine structures, while the Zagros chain has been linked through Cyprus with the Dinaric Alps (Fisher, 1956). The structure of the mountain rim of the country has been influenced strongly by tectonic movements which have n…

, a town in the urban district ( baladiyya ) of the same name in southern Libya and in the province of Fezzān or Fazzān [ q.v.]. The town is situated in lat. 25° 55′ 55″N. and long. 14° 7′ 5″ E. The district includes the sub-districts of Agar ʿAtaba, al-G̲h̲atrūn. Murzuḳ, Trāg̲h̲an, Umm al-Arānib and Zuwayla. In antiquity, Murzuḳ was within the territory of the Garamantes, whose centre Garama was 60 miles/100 km northeast of Murzuḳ (see C.M. Daniels, The Garamantes of southern Libya, Stoughton, Wise. 1970). It has always been on the important trans-Saharan caravan route linking…

[English edition] 1. جغرافيا 1.1 الخصائص الجيولوجيّة تعتبر سلسلتا جبال البورز وجبال زاغروس اللتّان تمتدّان تباعا من الغرب إلى الشّرق ومن الشّمال الغربيّ إلى الجنوب الشّرقيّ أهمّ الوحدات الطّبوغرافيّة بإيران. فعلى نطاق واسع، تمثّل جبال البورز امتدادا للبنى الآلبيّة الأوروبيّة، بينما تعتبر جبال زاغروس تواصلا للآلب الديناريّة عبر قبرص (فيشير، 1956). وقد تأثّرت البنية الجبليّة لحاشية البلاد بشدّة الحركات البنائيّة التّي لم تسبّب فقط التواءً كبيرًا للطبقات أدّى إلى ظهور جبال مرتفعة، بل أدّت أيضاً إلى انقلاب…