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(a.) and its fern. k̲h̲āṣṣa “personal, private, pertaining to the state or ruler”. In Ottoman administration and society, k̲h̲āṣṣ and k̲h̲āṣṣa were generally used interchangeably, with pls. k̲h̲āṣṣahā and k̲h̲awāṣṣ , see on these various forms, Meninski, ii, 530-1. It appears in Turkish literature for “a person close to the ruler”, “something personal to the ruler”, in the 7th/13th century, see Mecdud Mansuroğlu, Sultan veledʾin ( 1226-1312) türkçe manzutneleri, Istanbul 1958, vv. 26, 48-9, 53-4, 143-5, 149. The word, used for describing the palace services of a…

, Turkish form of Persian k̲h̲āṣṣagī from Arabic k̲h̲āṣṣ , “private, special, confidential”, applied to persons in the personal service of mediaeval Turco-Islamic rulers [see further k̲h̲āṣṣakiyya ]. The term was used in the Ottoman palace service from the 10th/16th to the 13th/19th centuries and in military organisation. The first of these usages was as applied to the Sultan’s concubines who were known by the title of k̲h̲āṣṣekī . Their number varied between 4 and 7 (Maḥmūd I had 6, and Selīm III had 7), and these were the special favourit…

(mod.: Karaosmanoğlu), name of an aʿyān [ q.v.] family active in Manisa and district from the end of the 11th/17th century. The Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān who gave his name to the family was the son of Meḥmed Čavus̲h̲, a müteferri̊ḳa [ q.v.] of the Palace, known also as Ḳara Čavus̲h̲, who founded a mosque in 105 0/1640 at the village of Yaya, near Manisa and was later buried there ( TV, IX (1942), 198; see Bibl .). Meḥmed was the son of a certain Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, also a müteferri̊ḳa. Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān, a native of Yaya, on retiring from service as a sipāhī , acted as ketk̲h̲ūda to the mütesellim and emīn for the beyt ül māl…

(? - 954/1547), Ottoman governor of Egypt, commander of the campaign of 945/1538 against the Portuguese in India and Grand Vizier. When Selīm I died in 926/1520, Süleymān Pas̲h̲a was holding the office of odabas̲h̲i̊ at the Imperial Palace. In addition to this, on the accession to the throne of Ḳānūnī Sulṭan Süleymān, he was given the office of k̲h̲azīnedār-bas̲h̲i̊ procured for him through the favour of the historian Saʿd al-Dīn (Saʿd al-Dīn, Tād̲j̲ al-tewārīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1279, ii, 395 5 Koca Hüseyin, Bedāyiʾü ’l-weḳāyiʿ , ed. Tveritinova, Moscow 1961, i…

, bombardier, grenadier (Persian k̲h̲umbara “explosive projectile, grenade, mortar bomb”, etc.), a term used in the Ottoman military organisation. The bombardiers in the Janissary corps and the K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ unit in the D̲j̲ebed̲j̲i corps are thought to have been first introduced in the 9th/15th century. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were of two types, the ulūfeli ones, who were paid, and the tīmār -holders, who formed the majority of them and who served in the fortresses. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were neglected until the beginning of the 12th/18th century. K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ …

, a title given to the heads of the imperial chancery of the Ottomans. Although the date of its origin is uncertain, the title was certainly known in the 10th/16th century (Hüseyin Hezārfen, Telk̲h̲īṣ ül-beyān fī ḳavānin-i āl-i ʿOt̲h̲mān , 160a, 161a, 177a, etc.; Tevḳīʿī ʿAbdurraḥmān Pas̲h̲a, Ḳānūnnāmesi , in MTM, iii (Istanbul 1331), 520; von Hammer, Staatsverfassung , repr. 1963, i, 93, ii, iii, ff. 127 ff.; A. H. Lybyer, The government of the Ottoman empire, Cambridge, Mass. 1913, 168 f.). Because the title of k̲h̲wād̲j̲egān was bestowed annually, the term k̲h̲w ād̲j̲egānli̊ḳ …

[English edition] يعود أصل مصطلح خراج إلى الكلمة اليونانية χορηγία، وانتقل إلى العربية عبر السريانية. على أنّ العرب ربطوه بالجذر خرج. شاع استخدام الكلمة في الشرق الأدنى، بخلاف مفهومها الأصلي، بمعنى الضريبة عموماً، وكان يقصد بها في عدّة حالات وبكيفيّة يشوبها الخلط ضرائب محدّدة [انظر جزية]. وقد استخدمتها المصادر التقنيّة والقانونية بشكل أخصّ على الأقلّ قبل نشأة الدول التركيّة، بمعنى ضريبة الأرض، وسنقوم بدراستها بهذا المعنى خاصة. بالنسبة إلى البقيّة، [انظر: بيت المال، ضريبة، ضيعة، جزية]. 1. العصر الكلاسيكي كان العرب مع بداية المغازي، وبغضّ النظر عن طبيعة الصلح الذي يعقدونه مع…