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1. General C…

[English Version] . Ur- bzw. Grundvertrauen (»basic trust«) ist nach E.H. Erikson das Ergebnis der ersten, oralen Phase der Identitätsproblematik. Es entsteht unter guten Milieubedingungen und einer stabilen Personenumgebung, bes. einer fürsorglichen Mutter, und bildet den »Eckstein der gesunden Persönlichkeit« (Life Cycle, dt. Ausg. 63). Dabei sind Ritualisierungen (Füttern, Körperpflege) im Hinblick auf den Aspekt der Verläßlichkeit wichtig. Traumatische Störungen der frühkindlichen Entwicklung …

[English Version] . Persönlichkeit (P.) bez. die Einmaligkeit eines Menschen, der im Rahmen seiner genetischen und gesch.-biogr. Bedingtheit sein Personsein (im philos. bzw. theol. Sinn; Person) verwirklicht.…

[English Version] bez. in der psychoanalytischen Terminologie (Psychoanalyse) das Phänomen der gefühlsmäßigen Einstellung des P…

[English Version] . Die psychische Energie (Libido) ist jeweils auf spezifische Triebziele (Trieb, Triebtheorie), »Objekte« gerichtet. Nach S. Freuds Lehre vom primären Narzißmus bezieht sie sich zunächst auf das eigene, von der Mutter psychisch noch nicht geschiedene Selbst. Durch das Zerbrechen der Symbiose zw. Mutter und Kind (narzißtische Wunde) wird das Kind genötigt, sich nach außen zu wenden. Erst indem es sich als eigene Person von der ersten Bezugsperson unterschieden wahrnimm…

[English Version] . Der Begriff, von Eugen Bleuler 1910 als Synonym für die Freudsche Psychoanalyse eingeführt, ist in Deutschland (weniger in den angelsächsischen Ländern) gebräuchlich als Sammelbegriff für die sich z.T. heftig befehdenden Schulrichtungen wie Psychoanalyse (S. Freud), Individualpsychologie (A. Adler), Analytische bzw. Komplexe Psychologie (C.G. Jung), Daseinsanalyse (Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss), Logotherapie (V. Frankl) u.a. (vgl. Wyss). Von der T. ausgegangen sind die humani…

[English Version] . Die Realität erfordert im Sinne der Psychoanalyse S. Freuds die Umwandlung des unbefriedigten Sexualtriebs (Libido) in kulturell wertvolle und sozial anerkannte Verhaltensweisen (künstlerische Tätigkeit, Humor) als Kompromiß zw. den Ansprüchen des Es und dem im Sozialisationsprozeß ausgebildeten Über-Ich. Diesem Kompromiß dienen die »Abwehrmechanismen« (A. Freud), eine Reihe von Verhaltensstrategien, zu denen die S. neben Verdrängung, Substitution, Konversion, Projektion u.a. a…

[English Version] Winnicott, Donald Woods (7.4.1896 Plymouth – 25.1.1971 London), Kinderarzt und Psychoanalytiker, prägte den Begriff des »Übergangsobjekts« im Zwischenstadium der Entwicklung, in dem erste, noch verschwommene Strukturen der Bezie…

[English Version] . Die Wechselbeziehung von Persönlichkeit in ihrem Beziehungscharakter und rel. Symbolik als Ausdruck dieses umfassenden Bezogenseins läßt pathologische Formen von Religiosität als Störungen der Beziehung zw. der Persönlichkeit und ihrem sozialen und gegenständlichen Kontext erscheinen. Huth (1978, 728) sieht im Anschluß an Peter Szondi Sucht, Neurose und Wahn als negative Parallelversuche zu Philos. und Glauben, das Partizipationsproblem zu lösen. – Die Definition des Krankhafte…

[German Version] (May 3, 1913, Vienna – Oct 8, 1981, Chicago) studied medicine in Vienna, after emigration training as a psychiatrist and psychotherapist in Chicago from 1939. He set an independent psychology of the self alongside psychoanalytical drive (Drive theory) and “I” (ego) psychology. At its center stands the question of how the capacity for object love and a healthy self-awareness can arise from the initially object-free human sense of self (primary narcissism). Secondary (structured) na…

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[German Version] In the terminology of psychoanalysis, the phenomenon of transference refers to the patient’s emotional attitude toward the therapist, analogous to the early and earliest relationship structures ¶ within the family. Love, affection, respect (positive transference) or hate, fear, humility (negative transference) are shown to the therapist without a concrete reason. If this does take place, the therapist may find him- or herself in a state of countertransference, in which he misjudges his relationship to the p…

[German Version] In S. Freud's understanding, the ego, along with the id and the super-ego, represents one of the three entities in the psychic system ( Das Ich und das Es, 1923; ET: The Ego and the Id, 1927). Its origin is not yet sufficiently explained in Freud's writings. Increased observation of the healthy personality (Personality/Personality psychology) and the influence of social factors (impact of A. Adler's individual psychology) and cultural factors led to the insight that the ego, as an expression of the continuity and u…

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[German Version] The interrelationship between personality in its relational character and religious symbolism as an expression of comprehensive relatedness allows pathological forms of religiosity to manifest themselves as disorders of the relationship between the individual personality and its social and physical context. Following Peter Szondi, Huth (1978, 728) views drug and alcohol addiction, neurosis, and insanity as negative attempts to solve the problem of participation, parallel to philosophy and belief. …

[German Version] Psychic energy (libido) is always directed toward specific “objects” of drives (Drive, Drive theory). According to S. Freud’s theory of primary narcissism, it focuses initially on the self, not yet perceived as distinct from the mother. The interruption of the symbiosis between mother and child (narcissistic wound) compels the child to turn outward. Only by perceiving him- or herself as his own person, distinct from his first attachment figure, can the child build a relationship to that figure and then to other objects (persons or things) by investing them with libido. After Freud, primary narcissism came to be understood not just as an interrupted initial relation that has to be overcome but positively as a necessary basis for the ability to form…

[German Version] Imprinting denotes that part of human personality (Personality/Personality psychology) for the shaping of which external factors are responsible. In behavioral research (Konrad Lorenz), imprinting refers to a learning process in a sensitive phase during which an instinctive action (a genetically determined, typal behavior) that is not innately set in motion is irrevocably linked to a triggering signal. One may also assume that the early phase of human life is characterized by a ne…

[German Version] A term in social psychology, first used by Kurt Lewin in an English publication in 1939, which refers, first, to the field of interactive processes occurring in a group, then to the investigation of these processes. In this regard, awareness of the processes, for example, through feedback, can a…

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[German Version] The term, introduced by Eugen Bleuler as Tiefenpsychologie in 1910 as a synonym for Freudian psychoanalysis, is commonly used in Germany (less in the Anglo-Saxon countries) as a collective ¶ term for the …

[English Version] I. Begriff Der Begriff »P.« ist eine wörtl. Übernahme aus der antiken Philos.: τη˜ς ψυχη˜ς ϑεραπει´α/tē´s psychē´s…

[German Version] 1. Susanna (Aug 13, 1820, London – Nov 25, 1884, Clifton), grew up in Manchester, where she was drawn into the intellectual climate of the Gaskells and their circle. She opened up a new spiritual dimension in 19th-century Britain by translating two key works of German mystical theology, the Theologia Germanica (1854) and History and Life of Johannes Tauler with Twenty-Five of his Sermons (1857). She also translated the Life and Letters of Barthold Niebuhr (B.G. Niebuhr, 1852) and Signs of the Times (1856) and God in History (1868–1870), two works of contemporary rel…

[German Version] I. Terminology The term psychotherapy…

[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich Die Entdeckung des U. als Schlüsselkonzept für die Psychoanalyse schrieb S. Freud sich selbst zu. Es finden sich aber in rel. und philos. Systemen Konzepte des U., die weitaus älter sind. So lassen sich etwa: a) schon bei Plato (…

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[German Version] I. The Concept Social psychology studies the modes of social experience and behavior and the interaction processes both of individuals and between individuals and social systems (Community and the individual) of varying complexity (microsystems like partnerships, families [Family], groups; mesosystems like organizations and institutions; macrosystems like social, political and cultural entities), as well as the relationship of social systems to each other. The basic issues, which are…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies S. Freud claimed credit for discovering the unconscious as a key concept for psychoanalysis, but much older concepts of the unconscious are found in religious and philosophical systems: (a) in the works of Plato(ἀνάμνησις/ anámnēsis as the unconscious condition for conscious mental activity) and Plotinus, (b) in Indian Vedānta and Buddhism ( avidyā…

[German Version] I. General – II. Psychology of Religion I. General The child is the subject of different psychological subdisciplines, for example developmental psychology, educational psychology, psychology of culture, and clinical psychology. The following presentation mainly adopts the perspective of developmental psychology and looks into the question of the point of view from which psychologists describe and explain the development (Development: III) of the child in the first years of life.…

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[German Version] I. What Is Psychology? The psyche (Soul: IV) as the object of psychology is accessible only through a theory that attempts to obtain a cognitive grasp of the inner life and experience of human beings (thinking, imagining, wishing, feeling). As “citizens of two worlds” (I. Kant), human beings confront the psychophysical problem existentially and cognitively: how can they conceive of themselves – being both rational a…

[German Version] I. History – II. Practical Theology – III. Latin America, Asia, Africa I. History 1. Early Church. The verb κατήχειν/ katḗchein originally denoted the oral transmission of a message in the sense of “tell, inform.” In Paul and early Christian literature it usually means “teach, instruct” (Gal 6:6; Lat. catechizare); in contrast to glossolalia, it refers to intelligible speech (1 Cor 14:19; Luke 1:4) such as instruction in the law (Rom 2:18) or in the teaching (“the way”) of the Lord (Acts 18:25). In t…

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[German Version] I. Religious Studies Prayer is one of the most frequent and important religious acts in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It also appears in other religions – for example the indigenous religions of America. But it does not appear to be universal. Some Buddhist traditions, for example, are atheistic, and in them there is no prayer in the strict sense; these traditions often allow their adherents to pray …