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Protestantism

(7,917 words)

Author(s): Wallmann, Johannes | Guder, Darrell | Holmes, Stephen R
[German Version] I. Church History 1. Germany and Europe. Protestantism is a synoptic term for all the Christian churches and groups with roots in the 16th-century Reformation. The term embraces the Lutheran and Reformed confessional churches (Lutheranism, Reformed churches) that emerged directly from the Reformation as well as the Anabaptist movements, the Anglican Church (with some qualifications), and the churches and Free churches associated indirectly with the Reformation that came into being later …

Voluntary Work and Associations

(4,301 words)

Author(s): Pierard, Richard | Guder, Darrell | Schibilsky, Michael
[German Version] I. Importance in Europe A voluntary association (Ger. ehrenamtliche Vereinigung)serves the common interest of its members. Voluntarism has to do with the freedom of the will ( voluntas; Free will), and when individuals work together of their own free will in order to accomplish a task, this leads to the creation of a voluntary association. Membership in it is neither compulsory nor acquired by birth, and its activities do not contribute to the livelihood of its members. Since human beings have a natural dis…

Reformed Churches

(9,343 words)

Author(s): Busch, Eberhard | Plasger, Georg | Strohm, Christoph | Guder, Darrell | Veddeler, Berend | Et al.
[German Version] I. History and Theology 1. Terminology. For programmatic theological reasons, the Reformed churches rejected the exonym Calvinist churches. They referred to themselves as Reformed churches because they did not think of themselves as new churchdoms alongside the one holy church but as a part of that church, albeit as part of it renewed according to God’s Word in Holy Scripture. In speaking of themselves, therefore, they eschewed references to a theological founder or a particular place of origin. The 17th-century formula ecclesia reformata semper reformanda means …

Clergy and Laity

(3,439 words)

Author(s): Neuner, Peter | Schneider, Johann | Winkler, Eberhard | Guder, Darrell | Denis, Philippe | Et al.
[German Version] I. European Christian Churches – II. Churches Worldwide – III. Islam I. European Christian Churches 1. Catholic Church A division of the church into clergy and laity does not coincide with New Testament evidence. The designation “laity” derives from laikós, the adjective form of λαός/ laós, “people.” In the Septuagint (LXX), this term describes the people of Israel in contrast to the (pagan) nations. In all important passages in the NT, it describes the people of God consisting of believers and dis…

World Council of Churches

(2,923 words)

Author(s): Guder, Darrell | Geldbach, Erich | Bieritz, Karl-Heinrich | Heller, Dagmar
[German Version] I. History and Programs The modern missionary movement generated a growing concern for church cooperation and unity, for which the term “ecumenical” (Ecumene) began to be used in the 19th century. The World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh (1910) gave expression to these concerns and spawned the initiatives that have coalesced in the course of the 20th century as the “Ecumenical movement” (II). Both the Faith and Order and the Life and Work movements established patterns of ecumenic…

Evangelism

(4,028 words)

Author(s): Dorsett, Lyle W. | Moritzen, Niels-Peter | Guder, Darrell | Gensichen, Hans-Werner | Blaser, Klauspeter
[German Version] I. Fundamentals – II. History – III. Missiology and Practical Theology I. Fundamentals The term Evangelism is derived from the Greek verb εὐαγγελíζεσϑαι/ euangelízesthai, which means to proclaim the “good news” to outsiders. Jesus' proclamation in Luke 4:18 can already be understood as evangelism, since it aims to preach the gospel to the poor. The first disciples, according to Matt 28:19–2…

Laity

(5,415 words)

Author(s): Freiberger, Oliver | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Karrer, Leo | Schneider, Johann | Plasger, Georg | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Church History – III. Dogmatics – IV. Practical Theology – V. North America – VI. Missiology I. Religious Studies Generally speaking, the term laity (from Gk λαος/ laós, “people”) denotes adherents of a religious tradition who do not act as religious specialists or function within a defined socio-religious class (Priesthood, Monasticism). The use of the term is therefore inappropriate in religions without religious specialists, for example Islam. In some religions, the laity, who…

World Student Christian Federation

(390 words)

Author(s): Guder, Darrell
[German Version] Moved by a desire to secure the growth of missions to students in Europe and North America in the 19th century, J.R. Mott conceived the idea of a worldwide federation of Christian student movements; it was inaugurated in Vadstena, Sweden, in August of 1895 under his leadership. The organization’s goals were: (1) to bring together worldwide Christian student movements; (2) to centralize information about the situation of students; (3) to train students to become disciples of Jesus …

Ökumenischer Rat der Kirchen

(2,684 words)

Author(s): Guder, Darrell | Geldbach, Erich | Bieritz, Karl-Heinrich | Heller, Dagmar
[English Version] I. Geschichte und Programme Die moderne Missionsbewegung erzeugte ein wachsendes Interesse an Kirchenzusammenarbeit und Einheit; der Begriff »ökum.« (Ökumene) wurde dafür seit dem 19.Jh. verwendet. Die Weltmissionskonferenz in Edinburgh (1910) verlieh diesem Interesse Nachdruck und brachte die Initiativen hervor, die im Laufe des 20.Jh. zur »ökumenischen Bewegung« (: II.) verschmolzen. Die Bewegung für Glauben und Kirchenverfassung (Faith and Order) und die Bewegung für praktisches …

Protestantismus

(7,514 words)

Author(s): Wallmann, Johannes | Guder, Darrell | Stephen, R. Holmes | Holmes, Stephen R.
[English Version] I. Kirchengeschichtlich 1.Deutschland und Europa P. ist zusammenfassender Begriff für die Gesamtheit der christl. Kirchen und Gruppen, deren Ursprünge auf die Reformation des 16.Jh. zurückgehen. Der Begriff P. umgreift die unmittelbar aus der Reformation hervorgegangenen luth. und ref. Konfessionskirchen (Luthertum, reformierte Kirchen) sowie die Täuferbewegungen (Täufer), mit Einschränkung auch die anglikanische Kirche, daneben die mittelbar mit der Reformation verbundenen, in d…

Reformierte Kirchen

(8,355 words)

Author(s): Busch, Eberhard | Plasger, Georg | Strohm, Christoph | Guder, Darrell | Veddeler, Berend | Et al.
[English Version] I. Geschichtlich und konfessionskundlich 1.Begriff Aus programmatischen theol. Gründen lehnten die ref. K. die Fremdbez. »calvinistische Kirchen« ab. Sie bezeichneten sich selbst als ref. K., weil sie sich nicht als neue Kirchentümer neben der einen, hl. Kirche verstanden, sondern als deren Glied, aber als Glied einer nach dem Gotteswort der Hl. Schrift erneuerten Kirche. Darum vermieden sie in ihrer Selbstbez. Bezüge auf einen theol. Stifter oder einen bestimmten Entstehungsort. Di…