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[English Version] Sterne, Laurence (24.11.1713 Clonmel, Irland – 18.3.1768 London), e…

[English Version] . R. Music entstand Mitte der 70er Jahre des 20.Jh. in New York als Teil der komplexe…

[English Version] Warren, Robert Penn (24.4.1905 Guthrie, KY – 15.9.1989 Stratton, VT), amer. Schriftsteller, Dichter und Literaturkritiker, dessen Werke v.a. im amer. Süden spielen und zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und Machtverhältnisse vor dem Hintergrund komplexer gesch. Prozesse thematisieren. Zus. mit den anderen Mitgliedern der konservativen lit. Gruppe der »Fugitives« war er von der Notwendigkeit eines rel., polit. und ästhetischen Gegengewichtes zu einer technisierten und vernunftorientier…

[English Version] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (14.7.1904 Radzymin, Polen – 24.7.1991 Surfside, FL). Als Sohn eines chassidischen Rabbis in Polen aufgewachsen, wählte S. nicht den Beruf seines Vaters, sondern wurde Schriftsteller und wanderte 1935 nach Amerika aus. Gegenstand seiner im polnischen Stetl (Satan in Goray, 1935; The Family Moskat, 1950; The Slave, 1962), in Amerika und in Israel spielenden Kurzgesch., Romane und Kinderbücher sind die Konflikte von am traditionellen Glauben festhaltenden Juden…

[English Version] Saint Denis, Ruth (20.1.1879 Newark, NJ–21.7.1968 Hollywood, CA), Tänzerin und Choreographin, die nach anfänglichen Erfolgen im Vaudeville und am Broadway ihren Stil an ethnisch-rel. Themen orientierte und zur Pionierin des modernen amer. Tanzes wurde. V.a. interessiert an den Traditionen Ägyptens und Indiens, schuf sie die vom Hinduismus inspirierten Tänze Radha (1906), The Incense (1909) und Cobra (1909). Auf ihren Europa- und Indientournee…

[English Version] Steinbeck, John (27.2.1902 Salinas, CA – 20.12.1968 New York), amer. Schriftsteller und Journalist, dessen meist in Kalifornien spielende Romane und Kurzgesch. von einem ausgeprägten sozialkrit. Realismus geprägt sind. Seine Charaktere leben im Spannungsfeld zw. ethischem I…

[German Version] (Mahala; Oct 26, 1911, New Orleans, LA – Jan 27, 1972, Evergreen Park, IL), an Afro-American singer. Raised as the daughter of a dock worker and Baptist …

[German Version] Hollywood, situated to the northwest of the city center and first planned as an alcohol-free district in 1887, has been a district of Los Angeles since 1910. Shortly after the first films were screened (1885), the film industry was attracted to the place by its mild, sunny climate, varied scenery and plentiful labor. The filming of The Count of Monte Cristo, which began in Chicago, was completed ¶ in Hollywood in 1908. Numerous studios (20th Century Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, Columbia, Warner Brothers) were established in Hollywood from …

[German Version] (Dec 10, 1830, Amherst, MA – May 15, 1886, ibid.…

[German Version] (May 11, 1894, Pittsburgh, PA – Apr 1, 1991, New York), an American dancer and choreographer who is considered one of the pioneers of modern dance. After the completion of her training in Los Angeles, she first appeared in reviews and on vaudeville shows, and founded the Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance in 1927 as well as the Dance Repertory Theatre in New York in 1930. She called for the involvement of the entire body and mind in the dramatic conception. Her more than 200 choreographies dealt with historical themes ( …

[German Version] (Apr 24, 1905, Guthrie, KY – Sep 15, 1989, Stratton VT), American author, poet, and literary critic. His works, set primarily in the American South, center on interpersonal relationships and power struggles against the background of complex historical process. With th…

[German Version] began in the mid-1970s in New York as part of the complex, initially Afro-American and later international hip-hop movement, other expressions …

[German Version] (T.S.; Nov 26, 1888 St. Louis, LA – Jan 4, 1965 London). From a Unitarian family, Eliot became one of the pioneers of modern literature and a guiding figure of Anglo-American culture in the 20th century, (a) through his studies at Harvard (with a dissertation of the philosophical idealism of F.H. Bradley) and his sojourns at the Sorbonne and in England, where he ultimately settled in 1915, and (b) under the influence of the French symbolists (Symbolism; already evident in his first volume of poetry, Prufrock and Other Observations, 1917) and, especially, the modernis…

[German Version] ( Jul 14, 1904, Radzymin, Poland – Jul 24, 1991, Surfside, FL). Raised as the son of a Hasidic rabbi in Poland, Singer chose not to follow in his father’s footsteps but became a writer; in 1935 he emigrated to America. His short stories, novels, and children’s books, set in Polish shtetls ( …

[German Version] (Feb 27, 1902, Salinas, CA – Dec 20, 1968, New York), American writer and journalist. His realistic novels and short stories, mostly set in California, are characterized by incisive social criticism. His characters are caught between the poles of ethical idealism and materialism ( The Pearl, 194…

[German Version] (Nov 24, 1713, Clonmel, Ireland – Mar 18, 1768, London), novelist and Anglican clergyman. Initially he published sermons and pamphlets. After his A Political Romance (1759), a satire on church politics that was immediately banned, the first two volumes of Tristram Shandy…

[German Version] The term festivals (Ger. Festspiele) embraces various cultural works and events. 1. Plays devoted to historical, political, or religious subjects were written and produced for special occasions. This genre, which appeared in the late 15th century, flourished in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. As an essential element of a court or national feast and as a staged self-reflexion, the festival served an apologetic or propagandistic function and was intended to establish or consolidate a group…

[German Version] (Jan 20, 1879, Newark, NJ – Jul 21, 1968, Hollywood, CA), dancer and choreographer. After initial success in vaudeville and on Broadway, she focused her style on ethno-religious themes and became a pioneer of modern American dance. Particularly interested in the trad…

[German Version] I. Greco-Roman Antiquity – II. Drama and Religion – III. Drama and the Christian Tradition I. Greco-Roman Antiquity 1. Concept The noun δρᾶμα/ dráma, derived from the verb δρᾶν ( drán, “do, act”), seldom means “action, deed” in the general sense. Especially in the tragedies of Aeschylus, the verb and noun form the antithesis of παϑεῖν ( patheín, “suffer”) and πάϑος ( páthos, “suffering”), for example in Aesch. Ag. 533. Predominant is the special meaning “drama, play” (Theater), in which the aspect of staging and stage action stands out (e.g. Arist., Ranae 920). Derived from this is the metaphorical usage in the sense of “dramatically effective action” (Plato Apol. 35b 8) and …

[German Version] I. Folk/Folk Religion – II. Religious Studies – III. Judaism – IV. Christianity – V. Islam I. Folk/Folk Religion In the English-speaking realm, the adjective “folk” marks common cultural pheonomena as expressions of a peas-¶ ant populatio…