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City Cult
(1,645 words)
[German Version] I. Terminology – II. History – III. Archaeology
I. Terminology The term “city cult” can be understood as a concretization of the veneration of “local gods” (cf. Stolz). There is evidence from the earliest times of municipal settlements with their complex social forms, rites, and feasts concentrated on the local deities' protection and promotion of community (cf. the gods of Sumerian and Babylonian cities described as “king of the city” or “lord/lady of…” or the Greek polis under the patronage of individual deities and heroes [see II below]). The temple constitutes not only the significant religious center, but also usually the economic center of municipal cultic communities. Especially on feast days, the presence of the deity was perceptible to the city population (often associated with processions; cf. the Babylonian New Year festival or the Panathenaea of Athens). In the course of political history, local deities repeatedly “ascended” (on Marduk, see II below). These ascensions were associated with equations with other deities, equations that did not, however, eliminate the local relationship. In contrast to the cultures of the ancient Near East, in which support of the city cult was the primary responsibility of the ruling dynasty, the city cult of the Greek polis was a communal endeavor of the citizenry that reinforc…
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Religion Past and Present
History of Religions School
(2,568 words)
[German Version] I. Concept and History – II. Results of Research – III. Present Perspectives
I. Concept and History The concept and term History-of-Religions School (HRS), whether coined by outsiders or insiders is unclear, refers to a group of German Protestant theologians who at the end of the 19th and beginnin…
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Religion Past and Present
Psalms/Psalter
(13,915 words)
[German Version]
I. Terminology and Scope The book of Psalms is a unique collection of 150 poetic texts compiled to make a work
sui generis. Its Hebrew title תְּהִלִּים(סֵפֶר) /(
sēper)
tĕhillîm, “(Book of) Praises,” is already found at Qumran (earliest instance: 4QMa [= 4Q491] 174, 1st cent. bce). As in the New Testament occurrences from about a century later (Luke 20:42; Acts 1:20: βίβλος ψαλμῶν/
bíblos psalmṓ
n), it appears to be used primarily in the technical sense of a scroll containing psalms (cf. the frgm. 4QPs), but it might also denote a form of the Psalter. In 11QPsa, a collections of psalms fr…
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Religion Past and Present
Ordination
(8,047 words)
[German Version] I. Old Testament – II. New Testament – III. Church History – IV. Dogmatics – V. Liturgy – VI. Practical Theology – VII. Law and Legal History – VIII. Judaism
I. Old Testament The search, mainly from a Protestant perspective, for antecedents of ordination in the Old Testament does not seem very promising, since no direct equivalent to Christian ordination as public commissioning of office-bearers by the community is to be found in the Hebrew Bible. Relevant research is mainly limited to the OT Jewish background of early Christia…
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Religion Past and Present
Sun
(2,816 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies The sun is omnipresent; in the phenomenal world, it marks and accentuates the course of our chronological and spatial lifeworld. The range of associated structures, interpretations, and ambivalences (light and dark, life-giving and life-consuming) makes it only natural that the sun should acquire religious symbolisms and orientations in many ways and in many areas: (1) orientation in time (annual calendric…
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Religion Past and Present