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[German Version] I. Religious Studies 1. Terminology. Theories of transmigration, which go back to the pre-Socratics of the 6th and 5th centuries bce (Empedocles, Pythagoras, Orphism), presuppose a dualism of body and soul. They hold that a human birth is not a totally new creation but the reincarnation of a pre-existent soul. Repeated incarnations extend not only to human beings of all classes and stations but also to flora and fauna; their purpose is the eschatological purification of the soul from ritual and ethic…

Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad Ibn Mattawayh (or Mattūya; fl. fifth/eleventh century) was a Muʿtazilī theologian and jurisprudent, who belonged to the Bahshamī branch of the movement, founded by Abū Hāshim al-Jubbāʿī (d. 321/933). 1. Life In his biographical work on Muʿtazilī scholars, al-Ḥākim al-Jishumī (d. 494/1101) mentions Ibn Mattawayh near the end of his list of the twelfth generation, comprising the disciples and companions of the qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī (d. 415/1025) (Sayyid 389). This suggests that Ibn Mattawayh joined ʿAbd al-Jabbār a…

generally referred to, using his title, as "ʿAllāma Ḥelli," prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325). A version of this article is available in printVolume XII, Fascicle 2, pp. 164-169 ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR, generally referred to, using his title, as "ʿAllāma Ḥelli," prominent Imami theologian and jurist (b. Ḥella, 27 or 29 Ramażān 648/23 or 25 December 1250; d. Ḥella, 20 or 21 Moḥarram 726/27 or 28 December 1325).LIFEḤelli came from a well-established family of Shiʿite scholars. His father, Sadid-al-Din Yusof Moṭahhar (d. after 665/1267), was…