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ʿAbd Allāh b. T̲h̲awr , a Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite agitator, of the Banu Ḳays b. T̲h̲aʿlaba. Originally associated with Nāfiʿ b. al-Azraḳ [ q.v.], he left him to join Nad̲j̲da b. ʿĀmir [ q.v.], whom he did not hesitate to murder, because of certain differences of opinion that arose between them. After this murder he gained control over Baḥrayn (72/691) and succeeded in withstanding the attack of an army from Baṣra sent against him by ʿAbd al-Malik. Shortly afterwards (73/693) a second expedition, consisting of 10,000 men from Basra and …

al-Hayṣam b. Ḏj̲ābir , Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite, of the Banū Saʿd b. Ḍubayʿa. In order to escape from the persecution of al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, he fled to Medina, but was arrested by the governor, ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Ḥayyān, and cruelly executed (94/713). He gave his name to the Bayhasiyya, one of the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite sects, who occupied an intermediate position between the strict Azraḳīs and the milder Ṣufrīs and Ibāḍīs. The Bayhasīs, though admitting that Muslims of different ¶ opinion from their own were unbelievers, considered it permissible to live amongst them, to intermarry with the…

, Persian lexicographer, born in Tatta, but a Sayyid by descent; died after 1069/1658. His principal work is a Persian dictionary, usually called Farhang-i Ras̲h̲īdī , or Ras̲h̲īdī Fārsī , the first critical dictionary, which was compiled in 1064/1683-4 and published in 1875 in the Bibliotheca Indica . Splieth revised the preface ( Muḳaddama ): Grammaticae persicae praecepta ac regulae (Halle 1846). ʿAbd al-Ras̲h̲īd dedicated an Arabic-Persian dictionary, Muntak̲h̲ab al-Lug̲h̲āt , or Ras̲h̲īdī ʿArabī ( 1046/1636-7), to S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahān (editions: Calcutta 1808, 1816, 183…

, al-fatḥ b. ʿalī b. muḥammad al-iṣfahānī , ḳiwām al-din , a historian who wrote in Arabic and is primarily known for his revision of the History of the Sald̲j̲ūḳids written by his compatriot ʿImād al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī. Relieving it of certain stylistic embellishments, he dedicated it in 623/1226 to the Ayyūbid al-Muʿaẓẓam (ed. M. Th. Houtsma in Recueil de Textes relatifs à l’histoire des Seldjoucides , ii). He says that he had previously similarly treated the History of Saladin, al-Barḳ al-S̲h̲āmī , by the same author. He had also written a continuation …

, originally called ʿAbd ʿAmr or ʿAbd al-Kaʿba, the most prominent early Muslim convert from B. Zuhra of Ḳurays̲h̲. He took part in the Hid̲j̲ra to Abyssinia and in that to Medina, and fought at Badr and the other main battles. He commanded a force of 700 men sent by Muḥammad in S̲h̲aʿbān 6/December 627 to Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal; the Christian chief, al-Aṣbag̲h̲ (or al-Aṣyaʿ) al-Kalbī, became a Muslim and made a ‘treaty, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān married his daughter Tumāḍir (but cf. Caetani, Annali , i, 700). By his shrewdness and skill as a merchant he made an enor…

(the man of the pulley), the usual designation of a Companion of the Prophet called Nufayʿ b. Masrūḥ, an Abyssinian, formerly slave of the T̲h̲aḳafites of al-Ṭāʾif. During the siege of that town by Muḥammad (8/630) he joined the Muslims by letting himself down by a pulley and was emancipated by the Prophet. He stayed afterwards in Yaman and participated in the foundation of Baṣra where he settled and died in 51 or 52/671-2. Having been whipped by ʿUmar because he had testified against al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba [ q.v.] on a charge of adultery, Abū Bakra played no part in politics and held aloof ( iʿt…