Search

, poète ottoman, adepte de l’ordre ṣūfī de la Ḵh̲alwatiyya et k̲h̲alīfat de S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī, né à Gallipoli, m. 1151/1738-9 comme pūst-nes̲h̲īn du tekke Ḵh̲alwatī à Kes̲h̲an. Il laissa un dīwān de vers d’inspiration ṣūfīe et un traité de vers Sawāniḥ al-nawādir fī maʿrifat al-anāṣir ou Mad̲j̲maʿ al-anāṣir (imprimés ensemble, Istanbul 1289/1872); S̲h̲arḥ-i ḳaṣīda yi-Haḍrat Ismāʿīl Ḥakkī, un commentaire sur un poème ṣūfī; et Miftāḥ al-masāʾil, qui traite de questions théologiques diverses, par exemple la prédestination, la nature de la vie dans l’au-del…

(Izmail), ville-forteresse ottomane située dans la région du Bud̲j̲aḳ [ q.v.] en Bessarabie, sur la rive gauche du bras du Danube appelé Kilya. Ewliyā Čelebī affirme qu’un certain ḳapudān du nom d’Ismāʿīl fit passer cette région sous la domination ottomane en 889/1484, à l’époque où le sultan Bāyezīd II prenait Kilya et Aḳ-Kermān à la Moldavie. Une donnée de 997/1588-9 (cf. Uzunçarşili, IV/I, 576, n. 1) indique qu’un petit fort ( palanka) fut construit à Ismāʿīl cette année-là et que des ouvriers de Valachie et de Moldavie avaient été appelés à participer aux trava…

, Meḥmed b. Muṣṭafā al-Wānī, fameux juriste musulman du temps de Murād III (982-1003/1574-95) qui se distingua en particulier dans le fiḳh, la lexicographie et la littérature. Né à Wān [ q.v.], il exerça dans nombre de villes (Istanbul, Rhodes, Manisa, Salonique, Amasya, Kutāhiya, Yeñis̲h̲ehir) les fonctions de müderris, ḳāḍī ou mollā et mourut en 1000/1591-2, Mollā de Médine où il était arrivé en 998/1590, comme successeur de Suʿūdī. Durant sa longue période de service, une trentaine d’années, il déploya une activité considérable d’écrivain et de tr…

un des deux livres sacrés des Yazīdis [ q.v.] qui constitue à côté du Maṣḥaf-räs̲h̲ la base religieuse de leur secte. Comme la langue du culte des Yazīdis est le kurde, et que toutes leurs prières parvenues à notre connaissance sont également kurdes (ainsi la prière principale, la prière du matin, la prière de baptême et de circoncision, la prière des morts, le cri d’annonciation à l’arrivée des sand̲j̲aḳs, de même que Dieu lui-même, d’après la continuation apocryphe du Maṣḥaf-räs̲h̲, parle également kurde), on pourrait être surpris que les deux livres sacrés des Yazīdis, …

, S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed b. Ramaḍān, poète ottoman et s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ k̲h̲alwetī. Il naquit en 1032/1622-23 à Constantinople dans le quartier Ḳod̲j̲a Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a; il était le fils du marchand Ramaḍān b. Rüstem. Il fut le disciple de ʿAbd al-Aḥad al-Nūrī. En 1065/1654-55, il fut s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ ( pōst-nis̲h̲inū) du couvent k̲h̲alwetī Yawas̲h̲d̲j̲e Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a dans le voisinage de S̲h̲ehr Emīni, plus tard (1105/1693) également prédicateur ( waʿiẓ) dans la mosquée Sulṭān-Wālide. Il mourut le 24 s̲h̲awwāl 1112/3 avril 1701 et fut enterré dans une türbe particulière. Son fils est ʿAbd al-R…

, importante poétesse turque de la fin du IXe/XVe siècle et du début du Xe/XVIe. Bien que ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳ Čelebi affirme nettement que Mihrī était à la fois son nom propre et son mak̲h̲laṣ, Ewliyā Čelebi écrit plus tard ( Seyāḥat-nāme, II, 192) que son nom propre était Mihrmāh. C’est peut-être sous son surnom que Fak̲h̲r al-nisāʾ est citée dans ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ müellifleri. Mihrī Ḵh̲atun était une descendante de Pīr Ilyās, le s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ k̲h̲alwetī d’Amasya. Son père était ḳāḍī et composait de la poésie sous le mak̲h̲laṣ de Belāyī. Mihrī Ḵh̲atun elle-même passa toute sa vie, au reste très…

, exactement ʿĪsā (ou Nūḥ, mais incertain), le premier grand poète lyrique turc de la période pré-classique et l’un des fondateurs de la poésie classique ottomane. Né à Edirne (on donne également comme lieux de sa naissance Amasia et Ḳasṭamūnī), fils d’un esclave, manifestement d’un prisonnier de guerre chrétien, car on lui accole le nom banal donné aux convertis, de ʿAbd Allāh, il fut adopté par une femme aisée d’Edime; il reçut une excellente éducation et fut formé par le poète Sāʾilī. Bien qu…

, Yaḥyā, le plus important poète religieux osmanli de son époque, comme le montre déjà son surnom Naʿt-gu, le chanteur d’hymnes. Né en 1059/1649 à Ḳāsi̊m Pas̲h̲a à Istanbul, il entra tout enfant au sérail, où il reçut la formation des Enderūn et où il trouva l’occasion d’acquérir la connaissance parfaite de l’arabe et du persan. Il manifesta des dons pour la poésie et un grand talent musical. Grâce à sa belle voix et à son activité comme poète et comme compositeur, il gagna la faveur du sultan Murād IV. Aussi obtint-il des postes importants à la cour: celui de ḳog̲h̲us̲h̲ ag̲h̲asi̊ du kilār-i k̲h…

b. ʿAlāʾ al-dīn ʿAlī al-Ḏj̲amālī appelé Mollā Čelebi, théologien et historien turc de l’époque de Selīm Ier (918-26/1512-20) et de Sulaymān Ier (926-74/1520-66). Son père était le célèbre muftī Zenbilī ʿAlī al-Ḏj̲amālī, petit-fils de Ḏj̲amāl al-dīn Meḥmed d’Aḳ Seray (d’où l’épithète de Ḏj̲amālī). Il dut sa formation theologique d’abord à son grand-père maternel Ḥusām-Zāde Efendi, puis à son père ʿAlāʾ al-dīn et enfin à Muʾayyad-Zāde Efendi. Il remplit ensuite les fonctions de müderris dans différentes medreses: à Istanbul, à la medrese de Murād et aux huit collèges de la mo…

, poète ottoman d’Edirne (Adrianople) à l’époque de Süleymān al-Ḳānūnī. Fils de Janissaire, il devint lui-même Janissaire par la suite, puis siliḥdār et sipāhī. Il mourut en 902/1555 (ou plus tard) à Edirne, où il est inhumé dans la türbe de S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ. Naẓmī possédait de remarquables dons poétiques et des aptitudes qui se sont surtout manifestées dans l’imitation habile et sûre d’autres poètes, dans ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler des naẓīres (pl. naẓāʾir). En outre, il a également composé des g̲h̲azels originaux. Il a rendu un inappréciable service à l’histoire …

, Meḥmed Saʿīd Efendi, ʿālim de l’époque du sultan ottoman Maḥmūd Ier (1143-68/1730-54). Fils de Birgili Ḵh̲alīl Efendi qui fut à deux reprises ḳāḍī-ʿasker d’Anatolie, il commença ses études sous la direction de son père, passa par la medrese et débuta en qualité de mollā de Yeñis̲h̲ehir en 1135/1722-3; il gravit ensuite les divers échelons de la hiérarchie des ʿulamāʾ et fut nommé s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām en n 62/1749, mais il fut révoqué dix mois plus tard, en 1163/1750, à cause de son caractère inflexible, et exilé à Bursa, où il mourut en 1168/1754-5; il fut enterré près d’Amīr Sulṭān. Ḵh̲alīl…

ou Müeyyed-zāde, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī Čelebi, important théologien et juriste ottoman. Né en 860/1456 à Amasya dans la famille Muʾayyad-zāde (son père ʿAlī était un des trois fils de Diwrigli-zāde S̲h̲ams al-dīn Muʾayyad Celebi (m. 851/1447), s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ de la zāwiya de Yaʿḳūb Pas̲h̲a à Amasya), il fut en relations, alors qu’il était jeune étudiant en théologie, avec le prince Bāyezīd, le plus jeune des deux fils du sultan Meḥemmed Fātiḥ et futur sultan lui-même, qui avait été nommé dès l’âge de sept ans wālī d’Amasya, et il fut admis dans son entourage. C’est à cette époque é…

Ḵhod̲j̲a Süleymān, poète ottoman, né en 1148/1735 à Edirne. Son père était le poète, alors en exil, Ahmed Refīʿ Efendi, connu sous le nom de Muṣāḥib-i S̲h̲ahriārī. Avec son père, qui avait par la suite regagné la faveur du sultan par la publication d’un S̲h̲arḳi̊ qui avait reçu l’approbation générale, il vint à Istanbul. Il accompagna également son père lors d’un voyage au Ḥid̲j̲āz, au retour duquel le jeune ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī s’affilia en passant par Konya à la confrérie des Mewlewiyya. A la mort de son père, il se consacra à l’étude et particulièrement au persan pour pouvoir ¶ comprendre le Mat̲h̲n…

, important poète ottoman de l’époque de Bāyezīd II (886-918/1481-1512), qui mourut après 918/1512, peut-être même après 924/1518 (cf. V. L. Ménage, An Ottoman manual of provincial correspondence, dans WZKM, LXVIII (1976), 31-45; le même, dans un article sur Gül-i şad-bey, à paraître dans Osmanli Araştirmalari). Il se nommait ʿĪsā. Né à Priştina, il vint dans sa jeunesse à Istanbul, où il suivit les cours d’une medrese et ne tarda pas à se distinguer comme calligraphe. Il gagna la faveur du grand-vizir Ḵh̲ādi̊m ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a et devint secrétaire de son dīwān. Mais son protecteur eut s…

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Mehmed, auteur ottoman d’un ouvrage sur la culture des tulipes, le Mīzān al-azhār «la Balance des fleurs», qui lui valut du sultan Aḥmed III (1115-43/1703-30), à l’instigation du grand-vizir Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a (entre 1717 et 1730), le titre de S̲h̲ükūfe-perwerān «cultivateur de fleurs». (Th. Menzel) Bibliography H. Fr. von Diez, Denkwürdigkeiten aus Asien, Halle-Berlin 1815, II, 1 sqq., repris sous le titre Vom Tulpenund Narcissen-Bau in der Türhey aus dem Türhischen des Scheïch Muhammed Lalézari, Halle-Berlin 1815 Pertsch, Katalog der tiirk. Hss. Berlin, 305, n° 232…

Aḥmed Tāʾib, célèbre poète, érudit et historien ottoman de la fin du XVIIe et du premier tiers du XVIIIe siècle. Fils du rūz-nāmed̲j̲i (māliyye ted̲h̲kered̲j̲i) des fondations pieuses, ʿOt̲h̲mān Efendi, il entra dans la carrière théologique. On ne connaît pas exactement l’année de sa naissance. A partir de 1099/1687, il fut investi dans différentes medreses d’Istanbul des fonctions de müderris. Entre-temps, son activité s’exerçait aussi en dehors de la capitale. C’est ainsi qu’il se rendit en 1107/1695 avec Kemānkes̲h̲ Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a à Damas, lorsque ce…

, an important Ottoman poet of Bāyezīd II’s time (886-918/1481-1512), who died after 918/1512, possibly even after 924/1518 (see V.L. Ménage, An Ottoman manual of provincial correspondence, in WZKM, lxviii [1976], 3-45, and idem, art. on Gül-i ṣad-berg in Osmanli Araştirmalari , forthcoming). His given name was ʿĪsā. Born in Priştina, he came in his youth to Istanbul, where he became a medrese student and also soon distinguished himself as a calligrapher. He was able to find favour with the Grand Vizier Ḵh̲ādi̊m ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a, whose dīwān secretary he became.…

, the pen-name ( mak̲h̲laṣ ) used by Üweys b. Meḥmed, renowned Ottoman man of letters and poet (969-1037/1561 or 1562-1628). Born in Alas̲h̲ehir as the son of a ḳāḍī and the nephew of the poet Maḳālī (Muṣṭafā Beg; cf. the ted̲h̲kire of Riyāḍī), he finished his medrese education in Istanbul under the ʿulemāʾ Ṣāliḥ Efendi and Aḥmed Efendi, and then had a career as ḳāḍī. Apart from serving as army judge ( ordu-yi̊ hümāyūn ḳāḍīsi̊ ) during the Hungarian campaign under the command of the Wezīr ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a, he was ḳāḍī in various locations in the Ottoman empire (Res̲h̲īd in Egypt, Aḳḥiṣār,…

or Müʾeyyed-zāde , ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī Čelebī , an important Ottoman theologian and legist. Born in 860/1456 in Amasya of the family of Muʾayyad-zāde (his father ʿAlī was one of the Three sons of Diwrigli-zāde S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muʾayyad Čelebī, d. 851/1447, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of the Yaʿḳūb Pas̲h̲a zāwiye in Amasya), he became, as a young student of theology, acquainted with prince Bāyezīd, the younger son of Sultan Meḥemmed Fātiḥ and afterwards Sultan, who had been appointed wālī of Amasya as a seven year-old boy, and became a member of his circle. It is t…

b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī al-D̲j̲amālī . called Mollā Čelebi , a Turkish theologian and historian of the time of Selīm I (918-26/1512-20) and Sulaymān II (926-74/1520-66). His father was the famous muftī Zanbīlī ʿAlī al-D̲j̲amālī, a grandson of D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn Meḥmed of Aḳ Seray (hence the epithet D̲j̲amālī). He received his theological training first from his maternal grandfather Ḥusām-zāde Efendi, then from his father ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn and later from Muʾayyad-zāde Efendi. He ¶ worked as a müderris in several medreses , in Istanbul at the Murād medrese and at the eig…

, Ottoman poet and Ṣūfī adherent of the K̲h̲alwatiyya order and k̲h̲alīfat of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī, b. in Gallipoli, d. 1151/1738-9 as pūst-nes̲h̲īn of the K̲h̲alwatī tekke in Kes̲h̲an. He left behind a dīwān of Ṣūfī-inspired verse and a verse treatise, Sawāniḥ al-nawādir fī maʿrifat al-anāṣir or Mad̲j̲maʿ al-anāṣir (printed together, Istanbul 1289/1872); S̲h̲arḥ-i ḳaṣīda yi-Ḥaḍrat Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī , a commentary on a Ṣūfī poem; and Miftāḥ al-masāʾil , dealing with various theological questions, such as predestination, the nature of the af…

, Abū Bakr, a notable Ottoman poet and prose stylist of the old school. Born in 1124 (1712) in Toḳad in Asia Minor, while still a young man he attained a great reputation in his native town as a stylist and poet. He belonged to the Mewlewī order and was allotted to the S̲h̲aik̲h̲ of the Mewlewī monastery in Toḳad to serve him. An important landmark in his career was the passing of Ḥakīm Og̲h̲lu ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a through Toḳad in 1168 (1754/5); he had been summoned from Trebizond to Constantinople to fi…

(or Dāstān-i Ḳahramān), a Persian epic in prose, which, like the Dārāb-Nāma, Ḳirān-i Ḥabas̲h̲ī, Hūs̲h̲ang-Nāma, Fag̲h̲fūr-Nāma, Ṭahmūrāt̲h̲-Nāma etc. belongs as regards subject matter to the prose epics which form a cycle round Firdawsi’s S̲h̲āh-Nāma; like the two first named it is ascribed to Abū Ṭāhir Ṭarṭūsi [Ṭarsūsī, q. v.]. The epic which takes us back to the days of the Old Iranian ruler Hūs̲h̲ang and describes the exploits of the hero Ḳahramān called Ḳātil, the “slayer”, has attained some importance in the popular literature of the Turk…

, properly Uwhis b. Meḥmed, known under his mak̲h̲laṣ of Waisī, a famous Ottoman scholar and poet. Born in 969 (1561—62) in Mas̲h̲ehir, the son of a ḳāḍī named Meḥmed Efendi, he also adopted a legal career. After completing his training in Constantinople with the ʿulemāʾ Ṣāliḥ Efendi and Aḥmad Efendi, he filled a series of important posts in all parts of the Ottoman empire (in Rosetta, Cairo, Aḳ Ḥiṣār, Tire, Alas̲h̲ehir, Seres, Rodosto, Üsküb, Gümüld̲j̲ina) and died in 1037 (1628) in Üsküb, where he filled the office of ḳāḍī seven times, a…

or ʿAlī, an Ottoman author, scholar and poet, stylist and calligrapher of Philippopolis. His full name is: ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī Čelebi b. Ṣāliḥ or Ṣāliḥ-zāde al-Rūmī, known as ʿAbd al-Wāsiʿ ʿAlīsi or Wāsiʿ ʿAlīsi (from the müderris Mewlānā ʿAbd al-Wāsiʿ whose assistant [ mülāzim] he had been). He was müderris in various medreses in Brussa, Adrianopl and Constantinople, then ḳāḍī. He died in Brussa in 950. His fame is mainly based on the elegant and pompous translation, surpassing even the Persian original, of the Anwār-i Suhailī of Ḥusain Wāʿiẓ Kās̲h̲ifī [cf. Kās̲h̲īfī] which in turn is …

(originally ʿĪsā), an important Ottoman poet of the time of Bāyazīd II. Born in Pris̲h̲tina (northern Albania), he came as a youth to Constantinople where he became a softa (theological student) and distinguished himself as a calligrapher. In the end he won the favour of the grand vizier Ḵh̲ādim ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a [q. v.] and became his dīwān-secretary. But his irregular life and carelessness in the performance of his duties frequently irritated his patron (ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a called him S̲h̲ehr og̲h̲lani̊). He held his post, however, till the death of ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a in 917 (1511) in ba…

, the name of two Ottoman poets of the xth (xvith) century: 1. Wālihī Kurd-zāde of Adrianople (an alleged Wālihī from Gisr Erkene or Ergene Köprü is the same man). On the conclusion of his studies he came as a ḳāḍī to Cairo and was admitted into the Güls̲h̲anī order by Saiyid Ḵh̲ayālī, the son of Ibrāhīm Güls̲h̲anī, the founder of the order. Returning to Adrianople, he worked there as a Ṣūfī preacher, celebrated for his eloquence and command of language. He was given to drinking. He died in 994 (1586) in Adri…

, whose personal name was ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, an important Ottoman poet of the transition period (mainly under Sulṭān Aḥmad III [1703—30]) with a distinct style of his own, quite outside of the usual. Born in Užica in Bosnia about 1060 (1650) of humble origin and of Serbo-Croat parents, he was related to the poet Wuṣlat ʿAlī Bey Pašić of Užica and Māhirī ʿAbd Allāh of Serajevo. He died in Constantinople in 1124 (1712—13). He adopted a theological career and went to Constantinople at the end of his studies, …

, properly Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Luṭfī Pas̲h̲a b. ʿAbd al-Muʿīn, an important Turkish statesman, scholar and historian, grand vizier in the time of Sulṭān Sulaimān I al-Ḳānūnī. He was of Albanian descent. The date and place of his birth are unknown. He was brought up in the imperial serai, which he had ¶ apparently entered through the dews̲h̲irme for the Janissaries. Much may be learned of his career from his own biographical references in the “History” and in the Āṣaf-nāme. Even in the serai he devoted himself to theological studies, a fondness for which he retained throughout his whole life. At the …

, known as Ḵh̲ādim, the “eunuch”, a Turkish general and statesman of the time of Sulaimān the Great. He began his career in the Imperial Ḥarem, which he left with the rank of wazīr to take over the governorship of Syria. As Mīr-i Mīrān, he was then summoned to the important office of governor of Egypt which he filled for ten years (931—941 = 1524—1534) with vigour and circumspection. He was the first to send to the Porte the yearly revenue from Egypt, the so called Egyptian treasure, later so important for Turkey. In reply to the appeal of the Sulṭān of Gud̲j̲arat he was ordered by Sulṭ…

, also called ẓill-i k̲h̲ayāl, shadow-play. The shadow-theatre which combines the mimic art with music, painting and poetry and which with its transparent figures made of painted leather is able to produce on the linen sheet illuminated from behind an illusion which means much more to the contemplative Oriental than our realistic coarser art of the stage, seems, as far as we know, to have come from China to the West. It certainly does not originate in classical antiquity. The earliest notices available to us refer to India where, however, the shadow-theatre is now extinct. The Javanese waya…

, properly Meḥmed Bey, also known as Bēkār Memī, an important Turkish poet of the time of Sulaimām the Great. Like the poet Usūlī he belonged to the little Rumelian town of Wardar Yenid̲j̲esi. Like S̲h̲eik̲h̲ G̲h̲ālib, he was precocious and developed his poetic talent very early. As a boy he was in the service of the Ḥaiderī dervish and mystic Baba ʿAlī-i Mest, by whom he was introduced into mysticism which left traces in many of his poems. In the wanderings of his master, he came with him to Constantin…

, an important Turkish architect of the time of Sulṭān Wall Bāyazīd II (1481—1512). As a result of the habit of Turkish historians of mentioning favourably every pious founder, writer of chronograms, and calligrapher, but only exceptionally giving the name of the creator of a masterpiece of architecture, or even giving any biographical notice of him, Ḵh̲air al-Dīn’s activities are veiled in obscurity. It is certain, however, that he is a historical personality. He is said to have been the son of…

, with Fitnet Ḵh̲ani̊m, the greatest Turkish poetess of the older school, at the end of the romantic and beginning of the modern period. Bom in Constantinople, the daughter of the Ḳāḍī-ʿAsker Moreli-zāde Ḥāmid Efendi, she received an excellent education. ʿIzzet Mollā [q. v.] contributed most to her poetical development; she was related to him and always retained a grateful memory of him as is shown by her elegy full of deep feeling on his death. In her case the lack of information about her is c…

, an Ottoman dignitary and historian, who at the request of the first Wālī of Bag̲h̲dād, Derwīs̲h̲ Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a T̲h̲uraiyā, Sid̲j̲ill-I ʿot̲h̲mānī, ii. 33), translated into Turkish the history of ʿAlī b. S̲h̲īhāb Hamad̲h̲ānī, written in 10 bāb in Persian; he added two bāb to it and gave it the title Tuḥfat al-Maʾmūn. The work only exists in manuscript. Bibliography Brusali̊ Meḥmed Ṭāhir, ʿOt̲h̲manli̊ Müʾellifleri̊, iii. 142 cf. also Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, Kas̲h̲f al-Ẓunūn, Būlāḳ 1274, i. 404, where Muṣṭafā S̲h̲aʿbān is named as the Turkish translator. The muḥammad k̲h̲alīfa (), who…

As opposed to the Turkish popular ballad which has arisen among the people and is composed on the national system, syllabic ( parmaḳ ḥisābi) not metric and is found, in various forms notably the türkü and also as turkmani̊, warsag̲h̲i̊, ḳos̲h̲ma, ḳaya bas̲h̲i̊, mani̊ and tuyug̲h̲ (on the latter cf. Samoilowič in Musuljmanskij Mir, Petrograd 1917, i. N°. 1, p. 1 sqq.), the S̲h̲arḳī is a poem regularly composed by a poet on literary lines in more or less accurate agreement with the laws of Persian and Arabic prosody, following the quantitative system of metre: the s̲h̲arḳī is the türkü adapted …

, a people of Turkish origin speaking a pure Turkish language but professing the orthodox faith; their numbers are small. They live in isolated colonies and at the present day are found chiefly scattered over Bessarabia (mainly within the triangle formed by lines joining Ismail-Bolgrad-Kagul, in the district of Trajan’s wall and also at Bender and Akkerman), on the west coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Danube and Silistria to Cape Emine, in the Dobrudja in Roumania (Niiolitel and Tai…

nom de plume ( tak̲h̲alluṣ) of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Maḥmūd b. ʿOt̲h̲mān b. ʿAlī al-Naḳḳās̲h̲, a celebrated Ṣūfī writer and poet of the early part of the reign of Sulaimān I, the era, not only of the greatest political development of the Turkish empire, but also that in which literature was most cultivated. He was born in Brussa, the son of the defterdār of Sulṭān Bāyazīd’s treasury. His grandfather had been taken by Timurlenk after his invasion to Transoxania (Samarḳand) where he learned the art of naḳḳās̲h̲li̊ḳ (embroidery and painting) there highly cultivated and on his return to Asia …

, ʿUs̲h̲aḳi-Zāde, the leading writer of prose and fiction in modern Turkish literature. Born in 1282 (1866) in Constantinople of a prominent family which came originally from the carpet town of ʿUs̲h̲aḳ — hence the epithet ʿUs̲h̲aḳi-zāde — he spent his youth in Constantinople and Smyrna. He received his education from the Mechitarists in Smyrna. This laid the foundations of his love for and knowledge of the west. He translated industriously from the French and made literary attempts of his own. The collection called Nāḳil in 6 volumes contains stories of his own alongside of tr…

, whose real name was Meḥmed Tewfīḳ, the poetical name of Fikret being assumed later instead of Tewfīḳ Naẓmī which he first took, an important Turkish poet and metricist, founder of the modern Turkish school of poetry. Born on the 24th S̲h̲aʿbān 1284 (Dec. 25, 1867) in Constantinople, the son of the secretary to Fāṭima Sulṭān, afterwards müteṣṣarif Ḥusein Efendi (descended from a family of notables of Čerkes̲h̲ in Anatolia) and Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a Refīʿa Ḵh̲ani̊m, a Turkish lady from the island of Chios (probably originally of Greek descent), received a caref…

Pas̲h̲a, a native of Merzifon, an Ottoman general and statesman of the time of Sulṭān Meḥmed IV (1648-87), one of the ablest and most successful collaborators of the Grand Vizier Köprülü Aḥmad Fāẓil (Fāḍil) Pas̲h̲a and therefore closely involved in Turkey’s struggle under the Köprülü’s to regain her old position of power. He was brought up in the court service, was Siliḥdār of the Sulṭān and in 1650 was appointed Wazīr and Wālī of Bag̲h̲dād. He spent a number of years as Wālī of important provinces, in Wān, Ḳonya and Damascus, until the Hungarian…

(Faḍlī), Muḥammad, known as Ḳara Faẓlī (Faẓlī the Black) or Faẓlī Čelebi, an ¶ Ottoman poet. The son of a saddler, born in Constantinople, he devoted himself to the study of mysticism as a pupil of Zarīfī and, according to ʿAhdī, entered the Ḵh̲alwatī order. He soon showed himself a poet of talent. His teacher, Ẓātī, himself celebrated as a poet, succeeded in drawing Sulṭān Sulaimān’s attention to him in 1530, at the festival on the circumcision of Princes Meḥemmed, Muṣṭafā and Selīm. The Sulṭān liked him an…

, Meḥmed b. Muṣṭafā al-Wānī, a famous Ottoman jurist in the time of Murād III (982—1003 = 1574—1595) who especially distinguished himself in the field of fiḳh, lexicography and literature. Born in Wān, he acted in a number of towns (Constantinople, Rhodes, Manissa, Salonika, Amasia, Kutahia, Yenis̲h̲ehir) as müderris, ḳāḍī and mollā and died in 1000 (1591—1592) as mollā of Medīna, to which he had come in 998 (1590) in succession to Suʿūdī. In his long period of 30 years’ service, he displayed great activity in writing and translating. His principal work is the translation of the Ṣaḥāḥ or Ṣiḥā…

, one of the most important of Turkish poets, stylists and authors, the principal leader of the Turkish moderns, creator of the modern Turkish prose language and the most notable Turkish patriot of modern times. Kemāl, born on Dec. 21, 1840 (S̲h̲awwāl 26,1256), in Rhodosto on the Sea of Marmara, belonged to an old aristocratic family which could be traced back through his father, the astronomer Muṣṭafā ʿĀṣim Bey, his father S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Bey, the first Chamberlain of Sulṭān Selīm III, and his f…

, Ottoman poet and mystic of the time of Sulṭān Meḥmed II, belonged to the neighbourhood of Diyārbakr and came to Iznīḳ to study theology where he formed an attachment for a youth and so succumbed to this homosexual passion then so prevalent particularly in the most cultured circles that he entirely abandoned his studies and gave expression to his woes in a book which is known as the Firḳat-nāma (“book of separation”). The title Firāḳ-nāma is equally well known, which Sehī gives first and which is also the title of a book by Ḳāḍī Ḥasan b. ʿAli of Monastir. The poem, which reminds one of the Hewes-nām…

, Ḏj̲elāl, a notable modern Ottoman poet and author. Born in 1883 in Constantinople, the son of Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī Pas̲h̲a who died in Yemen, he early showed literary inclinations and a talent for declamation. Through his writings he ¶ was very soon able to procure for himself a prominent position among Turkish men of letters. He acted as a teacher of French and of belleslettres and was for a time employed in the Foreign Office. Later he acted chiefly as editor of various periodicals, e. g. the literary part of the T̲h̲erwet-i fünūn, the ladies’ newspaper Demet (the Nosegay), founded by him in …

, properly ʿÎsā (Nūḥ, also given, is not certain), the first great Turkish lyric poet of the pre-classical period, one of the founders of the classical Ottoman poetry. Born in Adrianople (Amasia and Ḳasṭamūnī are also given), the son of a slave, obviously a Christian prisoner of war for which reason he is called ʿAbd Allāh, the name given to every one, he was adopted by a well-to-do lady of Adrianople, received a good education and was trained by the poet Sāʾilī. In spite of the fact that his non-…

, S̲h̲aik̲h̲, author of a work on tulips, Mīzān al-Azhār “ Balance of Flowers”. This treatise on the cultivation of tulips was composed in the reign of Sultan Aḥmad III (1115—1143 = 1703—1730), who had given the author the title s̲h̲ük i ūfeperwerān on the suggestion of the grand vizier Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a between 1718 and 1730. (Th. Menzel) Bibliography H. Fr. von Diez, Denkwürdigkeiten aus Asien, Halle and Berlin 1815, ii. 1 sqq., reprinted as: Vom Tulpen-und Narcissen-Bau in der Türkey aus dem Türkischen des Scheïch Muhammed Lalézari, Halle and Berlin 1815 Pertsch, Katalog der türk. Hss.…

, after Fuẓūlī, Nefʿī and Nedīm, the last of the four great poets of the old school of Ottoman literature; his real name was S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Muḥammad Esʿad, but he is best known by his pen-name S̲h̲aik̲h̲ G̲h̲ālib or G̲h̲ālib Dede. Born in 1171 = 1757-1758 he was the son of the secretary, Muṣṭafā Res̲h̲īd Efendi in Constantinople and early became connected with the Mewlewī order in whose monastery, in Yeñi Kapu, his father is also said to have acted as kettle-drummer. Following his father’s example he first entered the service of the stat…

Und̲j̲i-Zāde Muṣṭafā Čelebi, known in literature as Fehīm of Constantinople, an Ottoman poet of the late classical period (under Murād IV. and Ibrāhīm 1623—1648), and one of the few more important representatives of ¶ the period. A simple scholar, without any proper calling, he attached himself to men of note. He came to Cairo in the train of Eiyūb Pas̲h̲a who had been appointed governor of Egypt. Bat he could not accustom himself to life here, as the bitter verses, veritable Tristia, which he wrote there against Egypt, show. When he lost the favour of the Pas̲h̲a, absolutel…

, Malaṭiali̊ Ermeni, a Turkish general and statesman under Meḥmed IV (1648—1687). A native of Malaṭia, of Armenian origin, he rose from page to siliḥdār and became governor of Erzerūm and Sīwās with the rank of wazīr. He married ʿĀʾis̲h̲e Sulṭān. In 1065 (1655) he was appointed grand vizier in succession to Murād Pas̲h̲a but he only held office for ten months on account of the confusion in the empire as a result of the mutinies in the army and the complete financial ruin. He was several times banished and again recalled to high of…

Aḥmed Tāʾib, a notable Ottoman poet, scholar and historian of the end of the xviith and first third of the xviiith century. The son of the rūz-nāmed̲j̲i (māliye tezkered̲j̲i) of the pious foundations, ʿOt̲h̲mān Efendi, he took up a theological career. The year of his birth is not recorded. From 1099 (1687) he held the post of müderris in various medreses in Constantinople. At intervals he also worked in other places. For example in 1107 (1695) he went to Damascus with Kemānkes̲h̲ Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a when the latter was appointed governor there. In 1124 (1712) he was appointed müderris at the Sul…

, properly ʿÖmer, an important Ottoman author, poet, critic and man of letters, who occupies a special and somewhat hybrid position in the history of the Turkish moderns and has given his name to a whole literary period. Born in 1266 (1850) in Constantinople, the third son of a master saddler ʿAlī Ag̲h̲a (not Bey, as some literary historians say), he lost his father at the age of seven. The widow Fāṭime al-Zehrā, who was descended from a muhād̲j̲ir who had come to Constantinople from Rumelia, went to Varna to her brother, the Ḳalayi̊d̲j̲i̊ Aḥmad Ag̲h̲a. The latter in spit…

(Meḥmed) b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī al-Ḏj̲amālī, a Turkish theologian and historian of the time of Selīm I (1512—1520) and Sulaimān I (1520— 1566). His father was the famous muftī Zanbilī ʿAlī al-Ḏj̲amālī, a grandson of Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Meḥmed of Aḳ Serai (hence the epithet Ḏj̲amālī). He received his theological training first from his maternal grandfather, Ḥusāra-Zāde Efendi, then from his father ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn and later from Muʾaiyad-Zāde Efendi. He worked as muderris in several medreses, in Constantinople a…

, Yazīdīya, the name of a Kurd tribal group and of their peculiar religion which shows ancient characteristics. Area of Distribution. The Yazīdīs are found scattered over a wide area usually leading a settled life but also split up into nomadic clans: 1. in the district of Mōṣul in the northern ʿIrāḳ, in Assyria proper, in the district of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ān. Special mention may be made of: Bāʿad̲h̲rī (Bāʿid̲h̲rī, Baʿid̲h̲rā) about 40 miles N. of Mōṣul, the residence of the chief emīr, their political head; three hours …

, called Čaylaḳ Tewfīḳ, a Turkish author and publicist, born in Constantinople in S̲h̲aʿbān 1259 (Sept. 1843), the son of a certain Muṣṭafā Ag̲h̲a who was connected with the Janissaries, and a freedwoman, and died in 1311 (1893) in the same city. After a rather scanty education he entered the War Ministry as a clerk. Introduced to journalism by Filib Efendi, founder and editor of the newspaper Waḳi̊t and Muk̲h̲bir, he devoted himself more and more to this and to authorship, which was only interrupted by longer or shorter tenures of office as secretary in Constant…

(Firdewsī), an Ottoman poet of Brusa in the time of Sulṭān Bāyazīd II. (1481— 1512), to distinguish him from the great Persian poet Firdawsl, called Firdewsī-i Rūmī or more frequently Uzun Firdewsī or Firdewsī-i Ṭawīl (“Long” Firdewsi), probably in allusion to the length of his chief work. His chronograms ( taʾrīk̲h̲) were celebrated. His masterpiece is the Sulaimān-Nāme, composed for Sulṭān Bāyazīd by his command, in 360 or 380 volumes, in prose and poetry, a complete encyclopaedia in which he included all the knowledge of his time in philosophy, ast…

(1316-1359), the eldest son of the second Ottoman Sulṭān, Ork̲h̲an (1326—1359), and of Nīlūfer (Lülūfer) daughter of the Greek lord of Yar Ḥiṣār. His younger brother was Murād Ḵh̲ān afterwards Sulṭān. Only Greek sources record a third brother Ḵh̲alīl and his romantic abduction by a Greek corsair (cf. J. I. Hod̲j̲i Efendi, S̲h̲ehzāde Ḵh̲alīlin Sergüd̲h̲es̲h̲ti, Revue Historique, i., N°. 4, p. 239; N°. 7, p. 436, Constantinople 1328/1329). The title pas̲h̲a which he bore, according to ancient custom, marks him as the elder brother, as is the case also …

, properly ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Čelebi of Ḳasṭamuni, secretary to the office for administering pious foundations ( ʿimāret kiātibi). He was secretary in Belgrade, came in 950 (1543) to Constantinople to the waḳf office of Eyūb, then went to Rhodes and Egypt. He died in 990 (1582) on the voyage from Egypt to Yanbuʿ on the Red Sea. Laṭīfī was a good poet and an even better stylist. He is famous for his collection of biographies of poets, Ted̲h̲kere-i S̲h̲uʿarāʾ, which he finished in 953 (1546) and like Sehī, whose example he was the first to follow, dedicated it to Sulṭān Sulaimān…

, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Čelebī, an important Ottoman theologian and legist. Born in 860 (1456) in Amasia of the family of Muʾaiyad-zāde (his father ʿAlī was one of the three sons of Diwrikli-zāde S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muʾaiyad Čelebī [d. 851 = 1447], S̲h̲aik̲h̲ of the Yaʿḳūb Pas̲h̲a Zāwiyesi in Amasia), he became, as a young student of theology, acquainted with prince Bāyazīd, the younger son of Sulṭān Meḥmed al-Fātiḥ and afterwards Sulṭān, who had been appointed wall of Amasia as a seven year old boy, and becam…

(originally Mihr-i Māh), an important Turkish poetess of the end of the xvth and beginning of the xvith centuries. She belonged to Amasia, which produced a number of poets, and spent her whole life there. She was one of the family of Pīr Ilyās. Her father was a ḳādī and wrote poetry under the mak̲h̲laṣ of Belāī. She inherited from him her poetic gifts and also ¶ received from him the poetic and theological training ascribed to her by Ewliyā. Not much is known of her life. This is in part to be explained by the reticence of the East regarding women. That in the East boys rat…

, Ṭāhir, the name of a Ḳāḍī who died in 1204 (1789) in Constantinople, who wrote a series of theological treatises and commentaries, which are still only accessible in ms.: Mīzān al-Muḳīm fī Maʿrifat al-Ḳisṭās al-mustaḳīm; Dafʿ Iʿtirāḍ Rāg̲h̲ib fī Ḥaḳḳ al-Fuṣūṣ; commentary on the Ḳaṣīde-i nūnīye, and the commentaries in a collected volume in the ʿĀs̲h̲ir Efendi-Library in Constantinople ( Defter-i Kütübk̲h̲āne-i ʿĀs̲h̲ir Efendi, Constantinople 1306, p. 188, N°. 124 [3rd Waḳf-foundation]) containing: Ḏj̲awāhir al-ẓāhire (on G̲h̲azālī); Yāḳūṭat al-ḥamrā (on Birgewī); Zumrudat a…

, one of the most important Ottoman poets of the preparatory classical period. His real name was ʿIwaz or Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī or Yak̲h̲s̲h̲ī (according to Laṭīfī). Born in 876 (1471—1472) in Bali̊kesri in Ḳarasi̊, the son of a shoemaker, he followed the same trade. He had no education. In spite of all obstacles his poetical ability displayed itself. He was a born poet. In the time of Sulṭān Bāyazīd he came to Constantinople. As his original plan of becoming a ḳāḍī after some training fell through on acc…

, Meḥmed Saʿīd Efendi, one of the ʿulamāʾ of the time of Sulṭān Maḥmūd I (1730—1754). He was the son of Birgili Ḵh̲alīl Efendi who was twice Ḳāḍī-ʿaskar of Anatolia. He studied under his father, then passed through the usual Madrasa course and beginning as mollā of Yeni-s̲h̲ehir in 1135 (1722—1723) ascended the various steps of the ʿulamāʾ hierarchy to the highest office. He was appointed S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Islām in 1162 (1749) but was dismissed within ten months in 1750 on account of his stern and unyi…

, Muḥammad Čelebī, called G̲h̲azālī (probably after the gazelle-skin rug, peculiar to the S̲h̲aik̲h̲s of many orders), usually quoted as Deli Birāder (crazy brother), an Ottoman poet of the early Sulaimānian age. Born in Brusa he became a professor ( müderris) in a Madrasa there, on the completion of his studies. But his bright nature, full of the joy of life, his love of pleasure, his skill as a conversationalist, a ready wit, his extraordinary imperturbability, an inexhaustible fund of anecdote and a great readiness in versifying ma…

, an important Turkish historian. Born in Constantinople, of a family which had over 160 years unbroken service with the Sulṭān, the son of the famous ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ Efendi (d. 1270 = 1853/1854, a theologian and physician, who was thrice Ser-i ¶ Aṭibbā and from 1269 bore the honorary title Raʾīs al-ʿUlamā), he began by following in his father’s footsteps and adopted a theological career, his first office being Mollā of Smyrna (1258=1842). Later he turned to science, medicine and education. In 1265 he became a member of the Board of Education, the …

, a statesman of the time of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II. He was of Circassian origin, but spent his early years in Tunis, where he rose to important offices as a result of his brilliant abilities. He ultimately became bas̲h̲ müdīr. His great aim was to achieve a closer relationship with Turkey, which was recognised in a firman of Sulṭān ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. As a result of a quarrel with Ṣādiḳ Pas̲h̲a, then Walī of Tunis, he left the Tunisian service and retired to Paris. In 1294 (1877) ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd summoned him to Constantinople and appointed him p…

, one of the two sacred books of the Yazīdīs [q. v.], which with the Maṣḥaf- räs̲h̲ contains the fundamentals of their religion. As the religious language of the Yazīdīs is Kurdish and all the prayers of the Yazīdīs known to us are in Kurdish (for example, the chief prayer, the morning prayer, the formulae used at baptism and circumcision, the proclamation at the assembly of the sand̲j̲aḳ, and God himself in the apocryphal continuation of the Maṣḥaf- räs̲h̲ speaks Kurdish), it is rather remarkable that their two sacred books, the existence of which has long been known and…

(Sulaimān), a Ṣūfī Ottoman poet, of Gallipoli (not Brussa, as often stated), k̲h̲alīfa of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī. He died in 1151 (1738) as pūst-nis̲h̲īn of the Ḵh̲alwetī monastery in Kes̲h̲an. He left a Dīwān with Ṣūfī poems and a treatise in verse: Sawāniḥ al-Nawādir fī Maʿrifat al-ʿAnāṣir (printed together); and two prose works: 23 Esʾele-i müteṣawwifāneye Ḏj̲ewāb-nāme and Miftāḥ al-Masāʾil. ¶ (Th. Menzel) Bibliography Brusali̊ Meḥmed Ṭāhir, ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ Müʾellifleri, i. 72—73 T̲h̲uraiyā, Sid̲j̲ill-i ʿot̲h̲mānī, ii. 342 Sāmī, Ḳāmūs al-Aʿlām, iii. 2224.

, an Ottoman poet and scholar; his full name was Fehīm Sulaimān Efendi and he is also known as Ḵh̲od̲j̲a Fehīm. Born in 1203 (1787-1788) in Constantinople, he first of all became an official in the Dīwān, then in the Mint and Customs service, and ultimately a ḳāʾimmaḳām in Rumelia. He retired from office and obtained a reputation as a teacher of Persian in Constantinople. He died in 1262 (1845-1846). Fehīm principally composed g̲h̲azals and his Dīwān has been printed. He wrote a commentary ( Sāʾib S̲h̲arḥī) on selected g̲h̲azals of the Persian poet Sāʾib of Iṣfahān and translated…

, the saint of the Yazīdīs [q. v.],. born in Bait Fār near Baʿalbek in Syria, died at the age of 90 in 555 or 557 (1160 or 1162) in Lāles̲h̲, where also is buried his nephew and successor S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Sak̲h̲r b. Sak̲h̲r b. Musāfir, was the author of numerous works on the Muslim religion, which aroused no sort of objections on the part of orthodoxy, and was the founder of a Ṣūfī order, ʿAdawīya (or Ṣoḥbetīye), which in course of time, as the mountain Kurds joined it, degenerated and is said to have become Yazīdism. As many abuses had developed among the successors of ʿAdī (the Yazīdī pronunci…

, called Küčük (the “little”, not so much to indicate that he was particularly small in body as simply to distinguish him from numerous other Saʿīd’s), was with the reformer and organiser Aḥmed Midḥat Pas̲h̲a the greatest statesman in Turkey of the last half century. He was born in 1254 (1838) in Erzerūm and died in Constantinople on March 1, 1914; he was the son of ʿAlī Nāmi̊ḳ Efendi, at one time “controller of expenditure on the eastern frontier” and trusted adviser to the governor of the day, w…

, a Persian formation from the Arabie samāʿ [q. v.] and Persian k̲h̲ane, the dancing hall or dancing room, i.e. the space in the monasteries devoted to those Ṣūfī dances always held in abhorrence by Muslim orthodoxy, to muḳābele (mugābele) and to d̲h̲ikr. Dancing and ¶ music are, as a rule, particularly associated with the Mewlewī. But the Bektās̲h̲ī monasteries have also their semāʿ-k̲h̲āne; the great old Bektās̲h̲ī monastery of Seiyid-i G̲h̲āzī, for example, has three semāʿ-k̲h̲āne in one suite, in front of the türbe of Seiyid Baṭṭāl. Cf. K. Wulzinger, Drei Bektaschi-Klöster Phrygie…

or Derwīs̲h̲ Mūnis, Ottoman poet of Adrianople. He belonged to the Mewlewī Order. He received his education from the famous Enīs Dede (d. 1147 = 1734). He died in 1145 (1732) in Adrianople, where he is buried. (Th. Menzel) Bibliography Faṭīn, Tezkere, Constantinople 1271, p. 385 T̲h̲uraiyā, Sid̲j̲ill-i ʿot̲h̲mānī, iv. 527 ʿAlī Enwer, Semāʿk̲h̲āne-i Edeb, Istanbul 1309, p. 226.

, an important Ottoman author and poet who plays a very prominent part in the development of the Turkish moderns and of the written language. Born on Aug. 12, 1291 (1875) in Constantinople, ¶ the son of an Anatolian, who came from Kutāhya, and a Circassian mother, he received a good education. He attended the Naval School and became a naval officer but he only spent eighteen months in the navy, mainly in Crete. When quite a boy, he displayed an irrepressible love for the theatre and literature and began to write at the age of 1…

, a ḳaḍāʾ (administrative district) in the wilāyet of Ḵh̲udāwendigiār (Brussa) in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Kūtāhiya, and the capital of the district, about 80 miles S. W. of Kūtāhiya. Even before the war the whole district was exclusively inhabited by Muḥammadan Turks and had over 40,000 inhabitants, who led a primitive, patriarchal self-supporting, but not poverty-stricken, existence. The capital Simāw, the ancient Synaos, with 6,000 inhabitants is picturesquely situated at the foot of the Simāw Dag̲h̲i̊ on the ban…

, Meḥmed b. Muṣṭafā al-Wānī , famous Ottoman jurist in the time of Murād III (982-1003/1574-95), who especially distinguished himself in the field of frḳh , lexicography and literature. Born in Wān [ q.v.], he acted in a number of towns (Istanbul, Rhodes, Manisa, Salonika, Amasya, Kutāhiya, Yeñis̲h̲ehir) as müderris , ḳāḍī and mollā , and died in 1000/1591-2 as mollā of Medina, to which he had come in 998/1590 in succession to Suʿūdī. In his long period of 30 years’ service, he displayed great activity in writing and translating. His principal work was the Turkish translation of the Ṣaḥāḥ or Ṣi…

, an important Turkish poetess of the end of the 9th/15th and beginning of the 10th/16th centuries. Although ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳ Čelebi clearly states that Mihrī was her given name as well as her mak̲h̲laṣ , later on Ewliyā Čelebi writes ( Seyāḥatnāme , ii, 192) that it was Mihrmāh. (It is possibly as her cognomen that Fak̲h̲r al-nisāʾ is mentioned in ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ müʾellifleri …

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Meḥmed , Ottoman author of a work on tulips, the Mīzān al-azhār “Balance of flowers”. This treatise on the cultivation of tulips was composed in the reign of Sultan Aḥmad III (1115-43/1703-30), who had given the author the title of S̲h̲ükūfe-perwerān “cultivator of blossoms” on the suggestion of the grand vizier Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a between 1718 and 1730. (Th. Menzel) Bibliography H. Fr. von Diez, Denkwürdigkeiten aus Asien, Halle and Berlin 1815, ii, 1 ff., reprinted as Vom Tulpen- und Narcissen-Bau in der Türkey aus dem Türkischen des Scheich Muhammed Lalézari, Halle and Ber…

aḥmed tāʾib , a notable Ottoman poet, scholar and historian of the end of the 17th and first third of the 18th century. The son of the rūz-nāmed̲j̲i ( …

, Yaḥyā, the most important Ottoman religious poet of his period, as is apparent from his epithet Naʿt-gū , the singer of hymns. Born in 1059/1649 in Ḳāsi̊m Pas̲h̲a at Istanbul, he entered the Serai as a boy, where he received the education of the Enderūn and had the opportunity to acquire special proficiency in Arabic and Persian. He showed a talent for poetry and considerable musical ability. His beautiful voice and his work as a poet and composer ¶ gained him the favour of Sultan Murād IV. He was given important offices at the court as a result: the office of a ḳog̲h̲us̲h̲ ag̲h̲asi̊ to the kilār-i…

, S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed b. Ramaḍān , Ottoman poet and K̲h̲alwetī s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ . The son of a merchant named Ramaḍān b. Rüstem, he was born in Istanbul in the Ḳod̲j̲a Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a quarter in 1032/1622-3. He became a disciple of ʿAbd al-Aḥad ¶ al-Nūrī. In 1065/1654-5 he became s̲h̲eyk̲h̲ ( pūst-nis̲h̲īn [ q.v.]) in the K̲h̲alwetī monastery of Yawas̲h̲d̲j̲e Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a near S̲h̲ehr Emīni, later (1105/1693) also preacher ( wāʿiẓ ) at the Sulṭān Wālide mosque. He died on 24 S̲h̲awwāl 1112/3 April 1701 and was buried in a special türbe . His son was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Rafī…

, properly ʿĪsā (Nūḥ, also given, is not certain), the first great Turkish lyric poet of the pre-classical period, one of the founders of the classical Ottoman poetry. Born in Edirne (Amasia and Ḳasṭamūnī are also given), the son of a slave, obviously a Christian prisoner of war for which reason he is called ʿAbd Allāh, the name given to converts, he was adopted by a well-to-do lady of Edirne, received a good education and was trained by the poet Sāʾilī. In spite of the fact …

, meḥmed saʿid efendi , one of the ʿulamāʾ of the time of Sulṭān Maḥmūd I (1143-68/1730-54). He was the son of Birgili K̲h̲alīl Efendi who was twice Ḳādi-ʿaskar of Anatolia. He studied under his father, then passed through the usual madrasa course, and beginning as mollā of Yeñis̲h̲ehir in 1135/1722-3, ascended the various steps of the ʿulamāʾ hierarchy to the highest office. He was appointed …

( Izmail ), an Ottoman fortress town situated in the Bud̲j̲ak [ q.v.] region of Bessarabia, on the left bank of the Kilya arm of the river Danube. Ewliyā Čelebī states that a certain ḳapudān named Ismāʿīl brought this area under Ottoman domination ¶ in 889/1484 at the time when Sultan Bāyazīd II took Kilya and Aḳ-Kermān from Moldavia. Evidence dating from 997/1588-9. (cf. Uzunçarşili, IV/i, 576, note I) indicates that a small fort (palanka) was built at Ismāʿīl in that year, craftsmen from Wallachia and Moldavia being summoned to share i…

K̲h̲ōd̲j̲a Süleymān , an Ottoman poet. He was born in Edirne in 1148/1735, the son of the poet Aḥmed Rafīʿ Efendi, then in exile; the latter is known as Muṣāḥib-i S̲h̲ahriyārī . With his father, who had regained the sultan’s favour by writing a s̲h̲arḳi̊ which met with general approval, he came to Istanbul. He also accompanied his father on a journey to the Ḥid̲j̲āz, and the young Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī , on his way back, joined the Mewlewī order in Ḳonya. After his father’s death, he devoted himself to study, especially Persian, in order to understand the Met̲h̲newī . In Persian…

, Ottoman poet of Edirne (Adrianople) in the period of Süleymān al-Ḳānūnī. He was the son of a Janissary, later himself became a Janissary, then siliḥdār and sipāhī . He died in 962/1555, or thereafter, at Edirne, where he is buried in the türbe of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ. Naẓmī possessed great poetic gifts and ability, which he displayed particularly in the clever and accurate imitation of other poets, in so-called naẓīre s (pl. naẓāʾir ). He also himself wrote g̲h̲azel s. He rendered a great service to Ottoman literary history by collecting an enormo…

, one of the two sacred books of the Yazīdīs [ q.v.], which with the Maṣḥafräs̲h̲ contains the fundamentals of their religion. As the religious language of the Yazīdīs is Kurdish and all the prayers of the Yazīdīs known to us are in Kurdish (for example, the chief prayer, the morning prayer, the formulae used at baptism and circumcision, the proclamation at the assembly of the sand̲j̲aḳ , and God Himself in the apocryphal continuation of the Maṣḥaf-räs̲h̲ speaks Kurdish), it is rather remarkable that their two sacred books, the existence of which ha…