Search

Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Orhonlu, Cengiz" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Orhonlu, Cengiz" )' returned 49 results. Modify search

Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first

Ḳāsi̊m Pas̲h̲a

(255 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
Ewliyā, fonctionnaire ottoman de la seconde moitié du IXe/XVe siècle, dont on suppose que le père était Todor Muzak, le grand seigneur albanais (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳ-pas̲h̲azāde, éd. ʿĀlī, Istanbul 1332, 191; Nes̲h̲rī, éd. Taeschner, I, 230; H. Inalcik, Fahh devri üzere tetkikler ve vesikalar, Ankara 1954, 162). On ne sait à quelle date il fut pris par le devs̲h̲irme pour être préparé au service de l’État, mais cela dut se passer vers la fin du ¶ règne de Meḥemmed Ier, car il se distingua sous celui de Meḥemmed II Le premier poste important qu’il occupa fut celui de beglerbegi de Roumélie, et l’on sa…

Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān-og̲h̲li̊

(1,420 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(orth. mod.: Karaosmanoğlu), nom d’une famille d’ aʿyān [ q.v.] qui exerça son activité à Manisa [ q.v.] et dans son district à partir de la fin du XIe/XVIIe siècle. Le Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān qui lui donna son nom était le fils de Meḥmed Čavus̲h̲, müteferrika [ q.v.] du Palais également nommé Ḳarā Čavus̲h̲, qui, en 1049-50/1640, fonda une mosquée au village de Yaya, près de Manisa, où il fut enterré ( TV, IX (1942), 198). Ce Meḥmed était le fils d’un nommé Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, également müteferri̊ḳa. Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān, né à Yaya, servit comme sipāhī, puis exerça les fonctions de hetk̲h̲udā du mütesellim et d’ emīn

K̲h̲azīne

(2,627 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a. k̲h̲azīna), Trésor public. C’est au moins au VIIc/XIIIe siècle que ce terme acquit en turc un sens proche de celui qui vient d’être indiqué ( Tanihlarile tarama sözlügü, Ankara 1967, III, 1907), et il fut largement usité à partir du IXe/XVe siècle pour désigner «un lieu où étaient conservés de l’argent public ou privé, des bijoux et des valeurs diverses» (Muṣṭafā ʿAlī, Mewāʾid ül-nefāʾis fī kawāʿid ül-med̲j̲ālis, Istanbul 1956, 117; 0. L. Barkan, Osmanh imparatorlugunda zirat ekonominin hukukî ve mali esaslari, V, Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943, 370). Dans l’usage populaire, ce t…

Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a

(817 words)

Author(s): Tourneau, R. le | Orhonlu, Cengiz
, fils de Ḵh̲ayr al-dīn [ q.v.] et trois fois chargé du commandement à Alger, de 951 à 958/1544-51, puis de 964 à 968/1557-61, enfin de 969 à 975/1562-7. Comme il était fils d’une femme d’Alger, i’ avait moins de vingt-huit ans lorsqu’il fut nommé pas̲h̲a d’Alger pour la première fois. Son premier commandement (en qualité de lieutenant de son père qui était à la fois beylerbey et ḳapudan pas̲h̲a) fut d’abord marqué par le renforcement ¶ des fortifications d’Alger jugées insuffisantes à la suite de l’expédition de Charles-Quint en 1541. D’autre part, il s’efforça de régl…

Ḳarad̲j̲a Ḥiṣār

(334 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, Ḳarā Ḥiṣār, et aussi Ḳarad̲j̲a S̲h̲ehir est probablement la Melangeia byzantine, une des premières localités où s’établirent les Ottomans après leur arrivée dans la région d’Eskis̲h̲ehir. Le district entourant Ḳarad̲j̲a Ḥiṣār avait été donné par le sultan ʿAlāʾ al-dīn Kayḳubād aux partisans d’Ertog̲h̲rul pour leur servir de quartiers d’hiver, et la ville fut occupée par ʿOt̲h̲mān G̲h̲āzī, selon la tradition, en 687/1288 ¶ (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲a-zāde, éd. ʿĀlī, 18; Nes̲h̲rī, éd. Taesch- i ner, I, 26, 87). Pour la rendre prospère, ʿOt̲h̲mān invita à y venir tous…

K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊

(769 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, bombardier, grenadier (persan k̲h̲umbara, projectile explosif, grenade, obus de mortier, etc.), terme utilisé dans l’organisation militaire ottomane. L’on pense que c’est à partir du IXe/XVe siècle que des artilleurs ont fait partie du corps des Janissaires et qu’une unité de k̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s a été créée dans celui des Ḏj̲ebed̲j̲is. Il existait deux sortes de k̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s: les ulūfelis qui recevaient une solde, et les timariotes qui formaient la majorité et servaient dans les forteresses. Ils furent négligés jusqu’au XIIe/XVIIIe siècle, mais en 1144/1731 Murād Ier char…

Ḳapli̊d̲j̲a

(1,151 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, ḲapluḎj̲a ou Ḳablud̲j̲a, terme général utilisé en Turquie pour désigner un lieu où une source d’eau chaude a été couverte pour servir d’établissement de bains; parmi d’autres termes turcs de même signification: ḳaynard̲j̲a, aḳard̲j̲a, i̊li̊su, ḳudret ḥammāmi̊, černik, i̊li̊d̲j̲a et germābe (voir XIII. Yüzyildan beri Türkiye türkçesiyle yazilmiş kitaplardan toplanan taniklariyle Tarama Sözlüǧü, Ankara 1967, III, 1942-3). Ewliyā Čelebi (II, 21) décrit diverses sources d’eau chaude que l’on trouvait dans les différentes régions de l’empire ottoman …

K̲h̲arād̲j̲

(29,108 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz | Subhan, Abdus
, terme dérivé, par l’intermédiaire du syriaque, du grec χορηγία, mais rattaché par les Arabes à leur racine k̲h̲.r.d̲j̲. Le mot, contrairement à son sens original, désignait, semble-t-il, dans l’usage courant du Proche-Orient, l’impôt en général, et se trouvait appliqué, non sans confusion, à divers cas d’impôts particuliers [cf. Ḏj̲izya]. La littérature technique et juridique arabe l’employa plus spécifiquement, du moins avant la formation des États turcs, dans le sens d’impôt foncier, et c’est en ce sens exclusivement qu’il sera étudié ci-a…

K̲h̲āṣṣ

(3,217 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.) et son fém. k̲h̲āṣṣa «personnel, privé», sont passés en turc où, avec les pl. k̲h̲awāṣṣ et k̲h̲āṣṣahā (sur les différentes formes, voir Meninski, II, 530-1), ils ont acquis le sens technique particulier de «qui appartient à l’État ou au souverain». Le mot k̲h̲āṣṣ apparaît dans la littérature turque, au VIIe/XIIIe siècle, pour désigner «une personne proche du souverain», quelque chose appartenant au souverain (voir Mecdud Mansuroğlu, Sultan veled’in (1226-1312) Türkçe manzumeleri, Istanbul 1958, vers 26, 48-9, 534, 143-5, 149)- Appliqué aux services du palais d…

Ḳi̊lburun

(519 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(Ḳi̊nburun), cap anguleux ou pointe de terre à l’embouchure du Dniepr (Özi) sur le littoral de la mer Noire, dans le Sud de la Russie; ce nom turc lui fut donné par les Turcs parce qu’il paraissait aussi fin qu’un cheveu ( ḳi̊l). Il est situé à deux milles marins de la forteresse d’Özi ou Oczakof, et sa pointe est dominée par un fort construit par les Ottomans; dans le promontoire du Ḳi̊lburun se trouve un estuaire intérieur de 40 kilomètres de long et de 8 à 10 de large (P. Minas Bijişkyan, Karadeniztarih ve coǧrafyasi, tr. H. D. Andreasiyan, Istanbul 1969, 100). Le sel recueilli dans le…

Kefe

(2,608 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, Kafa, Kaffa, ancien nom de la ville actuelle de Théodosie (russe: Feodosia) sur la côte Sud-est de la Crimée. A l’époque classique, elle s’appelait déjà Theodosia; fondée dans la première moitié du VIIe siècle avant J.-C. comme colonie de Milet, elle est citée pour la première fois en 390 avant J.-C; d’après les sources, la ville, qui possédait un port capable de recevoir 100 navires, tirait de gros bénéfices des exportations en Grèce, mais son commerce était compromis par les attaques ¶ des tribus scythes établies dans les steppes situées au Nord. Kefe est citée par Consta…

K̲h̲ādi̊m Süleymān Pas̲h̲a

(1,296 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(m. 954/ 1547) dignitaire ottoman eunuque qui gouverna l’Égypte, commanda la campagne de 945/1538 contre les Portugais dans l’Inde et fut grandvizir. A la mort de Selīm Ier, en 926/1520, Süleymān Pas̲h̲a occupait les fonctions d’ oda-bas̲h̲i̊ au palais impérial; à l’avènement de Süleymān Ḳānūnī, il reçut en outre celles de k̲h̲azīnedār-bas̲h̲i̊ grâce à la faveur de l’historien Saʿd al-dīn (Saʿd al-din, Tād̲j̲ al-tewārīk̲h̲, Istanbul 1279, H, 395; Ḳoča Ḥüseyn, Badāʾiʿ al-waḳāʾiʿ, éd. A. S. Tveritinova, Moscou 1961, II, fol. 501a). Il fut ensuite envoyé sur la fronti…

Ḳāsi̊m Pas̲h̲a

(388 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, Ḏj̲azarī, fonctionnaire et poète ottoman du IXe/XVe siècle. Il appartenait à une famille venue d’Égypte et entrée au service des Ottomans; son père, Meḥmed Ḏj̲azarī, avait travaillé au Dīwān impérial et était devenu nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ en 869/1464-5 ( Kulliyât-i Divan-i Kabulî, éd. İ. Hikmet Ertaylan, Istanbul 1949, 304 sq.). Ḳāsi̊m, comme son père, entra au Dīwān-i̊ Humāyūn et fut employé dans divers services; il parvint au grade de defterdār et passa quelque temps à Amasya en cette qualité, auprès du futur Bāyezīd II; puis il fut nommé nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ en 886/1481 et obtint le grade …

K̲h̲udāwendigār

(744 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(p.), seigneur, propriétaire, maître, terme utilisé dans l’usage ottoman comme titre de Murād Ier et comme nom du sand̲j̲aḳ et de la province de Bursa. I. Sous les Sald̲j̲ūḳides, ce titre était attribué aux chefs militaires et aux vizirs (Ḥasan b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḵh̲ōyī, G̲h̲unyat al-kātib wa-munyat al-ṭālib fī rusūm al-rasāʾil wa-mad̲j̲mūʿ al-faḍāʾil, éd. N. Lugal-Adnan S. Erzi, Ankara 1963, 4-5; M. C. Ṣahabettin Tekindag, Izzet Koyunluoǧlu Kütüphanesinde bulunan Türkçe yazmalar, dans TM, XVI (1971), 134-5); i- était également employé comme attribut de mystiques …

Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise

(735 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, et aussi Ḳi̊rḳ Kinise et Ḳi̊rḳnīsa (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥet-nāme, Istanbul 1928, VIII, 69), ville de la Thrace orientale, aujourd’hui Kirklareli; cette région, située à l’Est d’Andrinople ou Edirne [ q.v.], avait un chef-lieu à l’époque classique, mais le nom en demeure inconnu (sur l’opinion selon laquelle il s’agissait d’Heraclea, voir J. von Hammer, Histoire, I, 234). Le nom byzantin de Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise était, semble-t-il, Sarante Eklesiai, et l’appellation turque doit signifier l’église des 40 saints et non 40 églises (F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, Oxfor…

K̲h̲aṣī

(7,989 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān «castrat, eunuque». A partir du IVe/Xe siècle surtout, divers euphémismes furent appliqués aux eunuques, nombreux dans les palais et fréquemment investis d’importantes fonctions: notamment k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam, pl. k̲h̲uddām), muʿallim, s̲h̲ayk̲h̲, ustād̲h̲ (voir M. Canard, Akhbâr ar-Râdî…, I, 210-1, note), plus tard ṭawās̲h̲ī (qui, selon al-Maḳrīzī, Hist. des Sultans Mamlouks, trad. Quatremère, I/II (1840), 132, viendrait du turc ṭābūs̲h̲ī = osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊ «serviteur» et désignait aussi, dans la langue administrative de l’Égypt…

K̲h̲āṣṣekī

(659 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, forme turque du persan k̲h̲āṣṣagī, de l’arabe k̲h̲āṣṣ «privé, spécial, confidentiel», appliqué à des membres du service personnel des souverains turco-musulmans du moyen âge [voir aussi Ḵh̲āṣṣakiyya]. Ce terme fut employé au Palais ottoman du Xe au XIIIe/XVIe-XIXe siècle et dans l’organisation militaire. Il fut d’abord appliqué aux concubines favorites des sultans dont le nombre varia de 4 à 7 (Maḥmūd Ier en avait 6, et Selīm III, 7) et qui, honorées du titre de ḳadi̊n, avaient leurs appartements et leurs domestiques privés. Celles qui avaient donné un enfant au sulta…

Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a

(280 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
Čatald̲j̲ali̊, ḳapudan pas̲h̲a ottoman. Fils d’un Janissaire de Čatald̲j̲a, il apprit le métier de sellier dans la maison du čās̲h̲nagīr Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a. Le patronage du dār al-saʿāda ag̲h̲asi̊ Muṣṭafā lui permit d’entrer au service du Palais en qualité, successivement, de maṭbak̲h̲ emīni, de čawus̲h̲-bas̲h̲i̊, de ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ et de mīrak̲h̲ur-i ewwel [voir Serāy]. Après sa nomination au grade de ḳapudan pas̲h̲a, en 1035/1625-6, il obtint la main de ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Sulṭān, fille d’Aḥmad Ier. Comme amiral, il assura l’établissement de Ḏj̲āni̊bek Girāy en qualité de k̲h̲ān de Cr…

K̲h̲aṭṭ-i̇ Humāyūn et K̲h̲aṭṭ-i̇ S̲h̲erīf

(764 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, terminologie appliquée aux décrets et rescrits que les sultans ottomans rédigeaient euxmêmes; le premier de ces termes est le plus usuel. Quelques spécimens de décrets de nomination et autres datent du règne de Selim Ier, mais, jusqu’à la fin du Xe/XVIe siècle, c’est-à-dire jusqu’au règne de Murād III, les sultans ne rédigeaient des k̲h̲aṭṭ-i humāyūn qu’avec parcimonie. A partir du règne de Murād III, l’affaiblissement de l’indépendance des grands-vizirs dans l’administration de l’État fit qu’il devint nécessaire d’obtenir du souverain un k̲h̲aṭṭ-i humāyūn pour presque tout,…

Ḥusayn Efendi, connu sous le nom de Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i K̲h̲od̲j̲a

(608 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, précepteur et favori du sultan ottoman Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], naquit à Zaʿfaranborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, aujourd’hui kaza du vilâyet de Zonguldak); il était le fils d’un certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, lui-même fils de S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ḳarabas̲h̲ Ibrāhīm, et prétendait descendre de Ṣadr al-dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. Il s’établit à Istanbul et fréquenta une des medreses de la Süleymāniyye, pratiquant la sorcellerie que son père lui avait apprise à Safranbolu pour se procurer des moyens d’existence, ce qui lui valut le surnom de Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i «sorcier». Ce ne fut pas un é…

Ḳarwān

(3,787 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
«caravane», mot visiblement d’origine iranienne qui est passé en français, en anglais (caravan), en allemand (Karawane), etc. La forme, kārbān, signifiant «travail de surveillance», date probablement de la période pehlevie et peut provenir d’un kārpānde, auquel cas il s’agirait d’un nom formé de kār «armée» ou «guerre» et du suffixe - van désignant un groupe de marchands ambulants; des convois de vivres, de marchandises et d’animaux étaient également appelés kārbān. Cependant, il est possible qu’on soit là en présence d’une étymologie populaire d’un terme d’origi…

Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḥusayn Pas̲h̲a, connu sous le nom de Mezzomorto

(900 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, corsaire algérien et amiral ottoman (m. 1113/1701); il doit son surnom italien qui signifie «à demi-mort» (en turc «mezemorta»), au fait que dans sa jeunesse il reçut une blessure en apparence mortelle au cours d’une bataille navale contre les Espagnols. On ne sait rien de certain sur ses origines: selon A. de la Motraye ( Voyages, la Haye 1727, I, 206), il naquit à Majorque; c’est en 1674 qu’il est question de lui pour la première fois comme d’un corsaire fameux (Grammont, Relations entre la France et la Régence d’Alger au XVIIe siècle, Alger 1955, 52); il devient peu à peu un des pe…

Ḳāsim Pas̲h̲a

(421 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, d̲j̲azarī , Ottoman officer and poet of the 9th/15th century; he belonged to a family who had come from Egypt and entered Ottoman service. His father was Meḥmed D̲j̲azarī, who had worked in the Imperial Dīvān and had become nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ in 869/1464-5. ( Külliyât-t Divan-i Kabulî , ed. İ. Hikmet Ertaylan, Istanbul 1949 p. 304 f.). Ḳāsim, like his father, entered the Dīwān-i̊ Humāyūn and served in various offices, rising to the position of defterdār , and was for a time in Amasya with Bāyezīd II (before his accession) and served as his defterdār. D̲j̲azarī Ḳāsim, who is known to have been nis̲h…

Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a

(874 words)

Author(s): Tourneau, R. le | Orhonlu, Cengiz
, son of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.] and placed in command at Algiers three times: 1544-1551, 1557-1561, and 1562-1567. The son of an Algerine woman, he was less than 28 years old when appointed pas̲h̲a of Algiers for the first time. His first command (as deputy to his father, who was both Beylerbey and Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a) was marked at the beginning by the strengthening of the fortifications of Algiers, found to be inadequate after the expedition of Charles V in 1541. On the other hand, he tried to settle th…

Ḳassām

(941 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, the title given in Ottoman law to the trustee who divided an estate between the heirs of a deceased person. Ottoman law recognised two types of ḳassām , those under the ḳāḍīʿasker [ q.v.] and the others employed locally in each ḳāḍī’s [ q.v.] court ( Ḳānūn-nāme , Veliyüddin Efendi 1970, ff. 66 a-b). The earliest references to the post date from the 9th/15th century. The ḳassām received a fee from the heirs called resm-i ḳismet in payment for the trusteeship of the estate. Resm-i ḳismet levied from a member of the military ( ʿaskerī , [ q.v.]) class was entered in the ḳāḍīʿaskers

Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḥusayn Pas̲h̲a, known as Mezzomorto

(866 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, Algerian corsair and Ottoman admiral (d. 1113/1701); he owes his Italian nickname “halfdead” (in Turkish ‘mezemorṭa’) to the fact that as a young man he had been wounded, apparently fatally, in a sea-fight with the Spaniards. Nothing certain is known about his origin: according to A. de La Motraye ( Voyages , La Haye 1727, i, 206) he was born in Majorca. He first appears, as a well-known corsair, in 1674 (Grammont, Relations entre la France et la Régence d’Alger au XVII e siècle , Algiers 1955, 52), and gradually made himself one of the most prominent fig…

K̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ Humāyūn and K̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ S̲h̲erīf

(822 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, the terms used for the decrees and rescripts of the Ottoman sultans, and written by them personally; the former term is the more usual one. A few surviving examples announcing appointments and decrees date from the reign of Selīm I. However until the end of the 10th/16th century, that is till the reign of Murād III, the sultans wrote the k̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ humāyūn s sparingly. From the reign of Murād III onwards, the decrease in the power of the Grand Viziers to act independently in state affairs led to a system of obtaining from the sovereign a k̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ humāyūn for almost anything except trivia…

Ḳarad̲j̲a Ḥiṣār

(371 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, ḳara ḥiṣār , also known as ḳarad̲j̲a s̲h̲ehir , probably the Byzantine Melangeia, one of the first places in which the Ottomans settled after coming to the Eskis̲h̲ehir region. The district around Ḳarad̲j̲a Ḥiṣār was given by Sultan ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kaykobād as winter quarters to Ertog̲h̲rul’s followers; the town was occupied by ʿOt̲h̲mān G̲h̲āzī, traditionally in 687/1288 (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲a-zāde, ed. ʿAlī, 18; Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Taeschner, i, 26, 87). In order to make the town prosper, ʿOt…

K̲h̲āṣī

(8,470 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān “castrated man, eunuch”. I.—In the central Islamic lands. From the 4th/10th century especially, several euphemisms were applied to eunuchs, who were numerous in the palaces and frequently invested with important functions: notably k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam , pl. k̲h̲uddām ), muʿallim , s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , ustād̲h̲ (see M. Canard, Ak̲h̲bâr ar-Râdî ..., i, 210-1, note), later on ṭawās̲h̲ī (which, according to al-Maḳrīzī, Hist , des Sultans Mamlouks , tr. Quatremère, 1/2 (1849), 132, comes from the Turkish ṭābūs̲h̲ī = Osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊

Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise

(761 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, also Ḳi̊rḳ Kinise and Ḳi̊rknīsa (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥat-nāme , Istanbul 1928, viii, 69) a town in eastern Thrace, modern Kirklareli. This region to the east of Adrianople or Edirne [ q.v.] had a centre in classical times, but its name is unknown (for the view that this place was called Heraclea, see J. von Hammer, Histoire , i, 234). The Byzantine name of Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise was apparently Sarante Eklesiai, and the name Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise must mean the church of forty saints and not forty churches (F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans , Oxford 1929, ii, 391-2). The later writers Kātibi…

K̲h̲arād̲j̲

(31,524 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz | Subhan, Abdus
, a word derived, via Syriac, from Greek χορηϒία, but attached by the Arabs to the native root k̲h̲ . r. d̲j̲ . Contrary to its original meaning, the word seems, in the current usage of the Near East, to have denoted “tax” in general, and is in fact found with reference to various specific taxes, thus causing considerable confusion [see d̲j̲izya ]. Arabic technical and legal literature uses it more specifically, at least in the period before the formation of Turkish states, in the sense of land tax, and it is this sense which is exclusively discussed in the present article. For other taxes, see bayt…

Ketk̲h̲udā

(1,342 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz | Baer, G. | Ed.
This Persian term “master of the house, head of the family”, Pahlavi katak-xvatai, acquired, in addition to the above meanings, those of husband, chief of a tribe, headman of a village and tithe-officer in a town (Chardin, Voyages , ed. 1811, iv, 77, “dixenier de quartier”) responsible to the kalāntar [ q.v.] (cf. M. Muʿīn, Persian dictionary, Tehran 1345, iii, 2921). In Ottoman Turkish, it evolved into the form k y ahya , with the meanings “steward of a household”, “head of an artisans’ gild” (see below). (i) In Ottoman Turkish administrative usage Already in Il-K̲h̲ānid Persia we find the ka…

Kārwān

(3,848 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, a word ostensibly of Iranian origin, later arabicized, whence Eng. “caravan”, Fr. “caravane”, Ger. “Karawane”, etc. Its early form kārbān , meaning “supervising work”, probably evolved in the Pahlavi period. The Pahlavi form may have been kārpānde , in which case it would be a noun made up of kār meaning “army” or “war” plus the suffix -van, signifying a group of travelling merchants; convoys of provisions, goods and animals also were called kārbān. However, This may well be a popular etymology for a word of uncertain origin. The more widespread meaning dates from the early ¶ …

K̲h̲udāwendigār

(786 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(p.) “lord, owner, master”; in Ottoman usage, it was used as (1) the title of Murād I, and (2) the name of the sand̲j̲aḳ and province of Bursa. 1. The title K̲h̲udāwendigār was used for commanders and viziers during the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period (Ḥasan b. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin al-K̲h̲ōyī, G̲h̲unyat al-kātib wamunyat al-ṭālib fī rusūm al-rasāʾil wa-mad̲j̲mūʿ al-faḍāʾil , ed. N. Lugal-Adnan S. Erzi, Ankara 1963, 4-5; M. C. Şahabettin Tekindağ, İzzet Koyunluoğlu Kütüphanesinde bulunan Türkçe yazmalar , in TM, xvi 1971, 134-5). As an attribute, the term was used for mystics like D̲j̲alāl al…

Ḳi̇lburun

(498 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(Ḳi̊nburun), a sharp cape or headland at the mouth of Dnieper (Özi) river on the Black Sea coast of South Russia; this Turkish name was given to it by the Turks because it looked as slender as a single hair ( ḳi̊l ). It lies at 2 sea miles’s distance from the fortress of Özi or Oczakof, and at the tip of the cape was a fortress built by the Ottomans. Within the Ḳi̊lburun promontory is an inner estuary 40 km. long and 8-10 km. wide (P. Minas Bijişkyan, Karadeniz tarih ve coğrafyasi , tr. H. D. Andreasyan, Istanbul 1969, 100). The salt obtained from the lakes in the …

Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a

(280 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, čatald̲j̲ali̊ , Ottoman Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a. The son of a Janissary from Čatald̲j̲a, he was trained as a saddler in the household of the Čās̲h̲nagīr Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a. The patronage of the Dār al-saʿāda ag̲h̲asi̊ Muṣṭafā procured him appointment in the Palace service successively as Maṭbak̲h̲ emīmi , Čawus̲h̲-bas̲h̲i , Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ and Mīrak̲h̲ur-i ewwel [see sarāy ]. Upon his appointment as Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a in 1035/1625-6 he was given in marriage ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Sulṭān, the daughter of Aḥmed I. As Admiral, he procured the installation of D̲j̲āni̊bek Girāy as K̲h̲ān of the C…

Ḳāsim Pas̲h̲a

(271 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, ewliyā , Ottoman officer of the second half of the 9th/15th century. It is conjectured that he was the son of Todor Muzak, the great Albanian lord (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲azāde, ed. ʿĀlī, Istanbul 1332, 191; Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Taeschner, i, 230; H. İnalcik, Fatih devri üzere tetkikler ve vesikalar , Ankara 1954, 162). It is not known at what date he was taken by the devs̲h̲irme to be brought up in Ottoman service; however, as he came to prominence during the reign of Meḥemmed II, this probably occurred towards the end of Meḥemmed I’s reign. The m…

K̲h̲azīne

(3,121 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a. K̲h̲azīna ), state treasury. In Turkish, the word k̲h̲azīne acquired a meaning close to this at least in the 7th/13th century ( Taniklarile tarama sözlüǧü , Ankara 1967, iii, 1907) and it was widely used from the 9th/15th century onwards to mean “a place where official and/or private money, jewels and various valuables were kept” (Muṣṭafā ʿAlī, Mewāʾid ül-nefāʾis fī ḳawāʾid ül-med̲j̲ālis , Istanbul 1956, 117; Ö. L. Barkan, Osmanli imperatorluğunda ziraî ekonominin hukuki ve mali esaslari , i, Kanunlar , Istanbul 1943, 370). The word in popular usage gradually took the form of k̲h̲azne…

Ḳapli̊d̲j̲a

(1,128 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, kaplud̲j̲a or ḳablud̲j̲a , the general term used in Turkey for a place where a hot spring is roofed over, as in a bath house. Other terms used in Turkish are ḳaynard̲j̲a , aḳard̲j̲a , i̊li̊su , ḳudret ḥamāmi̊ , čermik , i̊li̊d̲j̲a and germābe (see XIII. Yüzyildan beri Türkiye türkçesiyle yazilmiş kitaplardan toplanan tanklariyle Tarama Sözlüğü , Ankara 1967, iii, 1942-3). Ewliyā Čelebi [ q.v.], ii, 21, describes varieties of hot springs in different parts of the Ottoman Empire and in other Asian countries. In Anatolia and in Türkistan, he writes, the term i̊li̊d̲j̲a was used to denote a…

Ḳāṭi̊rd̲j̲ī-Og̲h̲li̊ Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a

(765 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(? 1010 79/? 1601-68) a statesman descended from the Turcomans of Ḥamīd [ q.v.] who rose to fame from a career of brigandry. Since he always spoke his local dialect, he acquired the nickname Türkçe Bilmez (“he who knows no Turkish”) (Muṣṭafā Naʿīmā, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1280/1863-4, iv, 382). He was the ¶ son of Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a called ḳāti̊rd̲j̲i̊ (the muleteer) on account of his profession. Ḳāṭi̊rd̲j̲i̊ Meḥemmed spent his childhood on the family farm in Ağlasun and when he was 19, in 1029-30/1620-21, he joined his father’s caravan j…

Kefe

(2,697 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, kafa, kaffa, the old name of the town of modern Theodosia (Russian Feodosia), on the southeastern coast of the Crimea. In classical times its name was Theodosia, and it was founded in the first half of the 7th century B.C. as a colony from Miletus in Ionia. It is first mentioned in 390 B.C., and according to the sources, the town derived great profit from exports to Greece, having a port with a capacity for 100 ships. However, the town’s trade was harmed by attacks of the Scythian tribes living in the steppes to the north of Kefe. Kefe is recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the form Kapha

Ḥusayn Efendi, known as Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i K̲h̲od̲j̲a

(609 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, preceptor and favourite of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], was born at Zaʿfarānborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, now a kaza of the vilâyet of Zonguldak), the son of a certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, son of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm; he claimed to be descended from Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. He came to Istanbul and entered one of the medrese s of the Süleymāniyye, supporting himself by practising sorcery, which he had learned from his father at Safranbolu; this gained him the nickname Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i (“sorcerer”). He was not an able student, but h…

K̲h̲āṣṣ

(3,456 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.) and its fern. k̲h̲āṣṣa “personal, private, pertaining to the state or ruler”. In Ottoman administration and society, k̲h̲āṣṣ and k̲h̲āṣṣa were generally used interchangeably, with pls. k̲h̲āṣṣahā and k̲h̲awāṣṣ , see on these various forms, Meninski, ii, 530-1. It appears in Turkish literature for “a person close to the ruler”, “something personal to the ruler”, in the 7th/13th century, see Mecdud Mansuroğlu, Sultan veledʾin ( 1226-1312) türkçe manzutneleri, Istanbul 1958, vv. 26, 48-9, 53-4, 143-5, 149. The word, used for describing the palace services of a…

K̲h̲āṣṣekī

(728 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, Turkish form of Persian k̲h̲āṣṣagī from Arabic k̲h̲āṣṣ , “private, special, confidential”, applied to persons in the personal service of mediaeval Turco-Islamic rulers [see further k̲h̲āṣṣakiyya ]. The term was used in the Ottoman palace service from the 10th/16th to the 13th/19th centuries and in military organisation. The first of these usages was as applied to the Sultan’s concubines who were known by the title of k̲h̲āṣṣekī . Their number varied between 4 and 7 (Maḥmūd I had 6, and Selīm III had 7), and these were the special favourit…

Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān-Og̲h̲li̊

(1,507 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(mod.: Karaosmanoğlu), name of an aʿyān [ q.v.] family active in Manisa and district from the end of the 11th/17th century. The Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān who gave his name to the family was the son of Meḥmed Čavus̲h̲, a müteferri̊ḳa [ q.v.] of the Palace, known also as Ḳara Čavus̲h̲, who founded a mosque in 105 0/1640 at the village of Yaya, near Manisa and was later buried there ( TV, IX (1942), 198; see Bibl .). Meḥmed was the son of a certain Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, also a müteferri̊ḳa. Ḳarā ʿOt̲h̲mān, a native of Yaya, on retiring from service as a sipāhī , acted as ketk̲h̲ūda to the mütesellim and emīn for the beyt ül māl…

K̲h̲ādi̊m Süleymān Pas̲h̲a

(1,355 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
(? - 954/1547), Ottoman governor of Egypt, commander of the campaign of 945/1538 against the Portuguese in India and Grand Vizier. When Selīm I died in 926/1520, Süleymān Pas̲h̲a was holding the office of odabas̲h̲i̊ at the Imperial Palace. In addition to this, on the accession to the throne of Ḳānūnī Sulṭan Süleymān, he was given the office of k̲h̲azīnedār-bas̲h̲i̊ procured for him through the favour of the historian Saʿd al-Dīn (Saʿd al-Dīn, Tād̲j̲ al-tewārīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1279, ii, 395 5 Koca Hüseyin, Bedāyiʾü ’l-weḳāyiʿ , ed. Tveritinova, Moscow 1961, i…

K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊

(806 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, bombardier, grenadier (Persian k̲h̲umbara “explosive projectile, grenade, mortar bomb”, etc.), a term used in the Ottoman military organisation. The bombardiers in the Janissary corps and the K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ unit in the D̲j̲ebed̲j̲i corps are thought to have been first introduced in the 9th/15th century. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were of two types, the ulūfeli ones, who were paid, and the tīmār -holders, who formed the majority of them and who served in the fortresses. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were neglected until the beginning of the 12th/18th century. K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ …

K̲h̲wād̲j̲egān-i Dīwān-i Humāyūn

(1,334 words)

Author(s): Orhonlu, Cengiz
, a title given to the heads of the imperial chancery of the Ottomans. Although the date of its origin is uncertain, the title was certainly known in the 10th/16th century (Hüseyin Hezārfen, Telk̲h̲īṣ ül-beyān fī ḳavānin-i āl-i ʿOt̲h̲mān , 160a, 161a, 177a, etc.; Tevḳīʿī ʿAbdurraḥmān Pas̲h̲a, Ḳānūnnāmesi , in MTM, iii (Istanbul 1331), 520; von Hammer, Staatsverfassung , repr. 1963, i, 93, ii, iii, ff. 127 ff.; A. H. Lybyer, The government of the Ottoman empire, Cambridge, Mass. 1913, 168 f.). Because the title of k̲h̲wād̲j̲egān was bestowed annually, the term k̲h̲w ād̲j̲egānli̊ḳ

خراج

(22,273 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Claude | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz | Subhan, Abdus
[English edition] يعود أصل مصطلح خراج إلى الكلمة اليونانية χορηγία، وانتقل إلى العربية عبر السريانية. على أنّ العرب ربطوه بالجذر خرج. شاع استخدام الكلمة في الشرق الأدنى، بخلاف مفهومها الأصلي، بمعنى الضريبة عموماً، وكان يقصد بها في عدّة حالات وبكيفيّة يشوبها الخلط ضرائب محدّدة [انظر جزية]. وقد استخدمتها المصادر التقنيّة والقانونية بشكل أخصّ على الأقلّ قبل نشأة الدول التركيّة، بمعنى ضريبة الأرض، وسنقوم بدراستها بهذا المعنى خاصة. بالنسبة إلى البقيّة، [انظر: بيت المال، ضريبة، ضيعة، جزية]. 1. العصر الكلاسيكي كان العرب مع بداية المغازي، وبغضّ النظر عن طبيعة الصلح الذي يعقدونه مع…
▲   Back to top   ▲