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Mat̲h̲al
(14,502 words)
(a., pl.
amt̲h̲āl ) proverb, popular saying, derives—similarly to Aram,
mat̲h̲lā , Hebr.
mās̲h̲āl and Ethiop.
mesl ,
mesālē —from the common Semitic root for “sameness, equality, likeness, equivalent” (cf. Akkad.
mas̲h̲ālum “equality”,
mis̲h̲lum “half”). In Arabic, to create a proverb is
fa-arsala(
t)
hā , or
d̲j̲aʿala (
t)
hu
mat̲h̲al an,
fa-ḍaraba (
t)
bihi ’l-mat̲h̲al a; to become proverbial is
ḍuriba bihi ’l-mat̲h̲alu ,
mat̲h̲al un
yuḍrabu fa-d̲h̲ahaba (
t), or
d̲j̲arā /
d̲j̲arat mat̲h̲al an, or, simply,
fa-ṣāra mat̲h̲al an. 1. In Arabic i. Definition ii. Arabic proverbs (1) Earlie…
Mart̲h̲iya
(12,364 words)
or
mart̲h̲āt (A., pl.
marāt̲h̲ī ) “elegy”, a poem composed in Arabic (or in an Islamic language following the Arabic tradition) to lament the passing of a beloved person and to celebrate his ¶ merits;
rit̲h̲āʾ , from the same root, denotes both lamentation and the corresponding literary genre. 1. In Arabic literature. The origin of the
mart̲h̲iya may be found in the rhymed and rhythmic laments going with the ritual movements performed as a ritual around the funeral cortège by female relatives of the deceased, before this role bec…
Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā
(5,623 words)
, “the Madman of Laylā”, or Mad̲j̲nūn Banī ʿĀmir, the name given to the hero of a romantic love story, the original form of which could date back as far as the second half of the 1st/7th Century. 1. In Arabic literature This imaginary character (acknowledged as such even by some Arab critics; see
Ag̲h̲ānī , ed. Beirut, ii, 6, 11) has been furnished by the
ruwāt with an
ism and with a complete genealogy; Ḳays b. al-Mulawwaḥ b. Muzāḥim b. Ḳays b. ʿUdas b. Rabīʿa b. D̲j̲aʿda b. Kaʿb b. Rābīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa, but according to the evidence, …
Muk̲h̲tārāt
(9,678 words)
(a.), anthology, selection of poetry. 1. In Arabic. Mediaeval tradition holds that the oldest anthology of Arabic poems is the small collection of celebrated pre-Islamic
ḳaṣīda s variously known as “the seven long poems”,
al-Muʿallaḳāt [
q.v.],
al-Sumūṭ , etc. It is probably the oldest in conception. The early ʿAbbāsid period saw the compilation of the celebrated
Mufaḍḍaliyyāt [
q.v.]. Al-Aṣmaʿī’s anthology of 92
ḳaṣīdas by 71 poets (44 of them D̲j̲āhilī), the
Aṣmaʿiyyāt , received relatively little attention from mediaeval writers. A comment in the
Fihrist ,…
Ḳāmūs
(4,265 words)
(a.), dictionary. 1. Arabic Lexicography The word
ḳāmūs/ḳawmas , from the Greek Ωχεανός appeared in Arabic, at the latest at the time of the Prophet, with the meaning of “the bottom, the very deepest part of the sea”. Nevertheless, following Ptolemy, the Arab geographers borrowed the Greek word again, in the form
Uḳiyānūs , and applied it to “the mass of water surrounding the earth”, more particularly the Atlantic Ocean, which was called
Uḳiyānūs al-muḥīṭ , then more simply
al-Ḳāmūs al-muḥīṭ . As this latter term was employed in a metaphorical sense by al-Fīrūzābādī [
q.v.] as the title o…
Masraḥ
(31,037 words)
(a.), “scene”, increasingly employed as “theatre” (in the same sense as “Bühne” in German); frequently synonymous with
tiyātrō (from the Italian). 1. In the Arab East. Primarily an artistic and literary phenomenon of the last two centuries, the Arab theatre has its roots in local performances of passion plays [see taʿziya ], marionette and shadow plays [see ḳaragöz ], mimicry and other popular farces, and was affected by the then contemporary (rather than the classical) foreign theatre as well. Although some popular open-air plays…
Madīḥ, Madḥ
(10,231 words)
(a.), the normal technical terms in Arabic and other Islamic literatures for the genre of panegyric poetry, the individual poem being usually referred to as
umdūḥa (pl.
amādīḥ ) or
madīḥa (pl.
madāʾiḥ ). The author himself is called
mādiḥ or, as considered professionally,
maddāḥ . The root itself is sometimes used without technical connotations, as also are commonly the various other roots signifying "praise":
ḥ-m-d,
m-d̲j̲-d,
ḳ-r-ẓ,
t̲h̲-n-y,
ṭ-r-w/y, etc. 1. In Arabic literature. As both an independent unit and a component of the
ḳaṣīda [
q.v.], the genre has been so widespread …
Ḳiṣṣa
(24,795 words)
(a.), pl.
ḳiṣaṣ , the term which, after a long evolution, is now generally employed in Arabic for the novel, whilst its diminutive
uḳṣūṣa , pl.
aḳāṣīṣ , has sometimes been adopted, notably by Maḥmūd Taymūr [
q.v.] as the equivalent of “novella, short story”, before being ineptly replaced by a calque from the English “short story”,
ḳiṣṣa ḳaṣīra . The sections of the following article are largely devoted to these literary genres as they are cultivated in the various Islamic literatures, even if the word
ḳiṣṣa is not itself used by them. Although some Berber tongues use the Arabic term (
Iḳiṣṣt …