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, d̲j̲azarī , Ottoman officer and poet of the 9th/15th century; he belonged to a family who had come from Egypt and entered Ottoman service. His father was Meḥmed D̲j̲azarī, who had worked in the Imperial Dīvān and had become nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ in 869/1464-5. ( Külliyât-t Divan-i Kabulî , ed. İ. Hikmet Ertaylan, Istanbul 1949 p. 304 f.). Ḳāsim, like his father, entered the Dīwān-i̊ Humāyūn and served in various offices, rising to the position of defterdār , and was for a time in Amasya with Bāyezīd II (before his accession) and served as his defterdār. D̲j̲azarī Ḳāsim, who is known to have been nis̲h…

, son of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.] and placed in command at Algiers three times: 1544-1551, 1557-1561, and 1562-1567. The son of an Algerine woman, he was less than 28 years old when appointed pas̲h̲a of Algiers for the first time. His first command (as deputy to his father, who was both Beylerbey and Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a) was marked at the beginning by the strengthening of the fortifications of Algiers, found to be inadequate after the expedition of Charles V in 1541. On the other hand, he tried to settle th…

, the title given in Ottoman law to the trustee who divided an estate between the heirs of a deceased person. Ottoman law recognised two types of ḳassām , those under the ḳāḍīʿasker [ q.v.] and the others employed locally in each ḳāḍī’s [ q.v.] court ( Ḳānūn-nāme , Veliyüddin Efendi 1970, ff. 66 a-b). The earliest references to the post date from the 9th/15th century. The ḳassām received a fee from the heirs called resm-i ḳismet in payment for the trusteeship of the estate. Resm-i ḳismet levied from a member of the military ( ʿaskerī , [ q.v.]) class was entered in the ḳāḍīʿaskers …

, Algerian corsair and Ottoman admiral (d. 1113/1701); he owes his Italian nickname “halfdead” (in Turkish ‘mezemorṭa’) to the fact that as a young man he had been wounded, apparently fatally, in a sea-fight with the Spaniards. Nothing certain is known about his origin: according to A. de La Motraye ( Voyages , La Haye 1727, i, 206) he was born in Majorca. He first appears, as a well-known corsair, in 1674 (Grammont, Relations entre la France et la Régence d’Alger au XVII e siècle , Algiers 1955, 52), and gradually made himself one of the most prominent fig…

, the terms used for the decrees and rescripts of the Ottoman sultans, and written by them personally; the former term is the more usual one. A few surviving examples announcing appointments and decrees date from the reign of Selīm I. However until the end of the 10th/16th century, that is till the reign of Murād III, the sultans wrote the k̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ humāyūn s sparingly. From the reign of Murād III onwards, the decrease in the power of the Grand Viziers to act independently in state affairs led to a system of obtaining from the sovereign a k̲h̲aṭṭ-i̊ humāyūn for almost anything except trivia…

, ḳara ḥiṣār , also known as ḳarad̲j̲a s̲h̲ehir , probably the Byzantine Melangeia, one of the first places in which the Ottomans settled after coming to the Eskis̲h̲ehir region. The district around Ḳarad̲j̲a Ḥiṣār was given by Sultan ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kaykobād as winter quarters to Ertog̲h̲rul’s followers; the town was occupied by ʿOt̲h̲mān G̲h̲āzī, traditionally in 687/1288 (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲a-zāde, ed. ʿAlī, 18; Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Taeschner, i, 26, 87). In order to make the town prosper, ʿOt…

(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān “castrated man, eunuch”. I.—In the central Islamic lands. From the 4th/10th century especially, several euphemisms were applied to eunuchs, who were numerous in the palaces and frequently invested with important functions: notably k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam , pl. k̲h̲uddām ), muʿallim , s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , ustād̲h̲ (see M. Canard, Ak̲h̲bâr ar-Râdî ..., i, 210-1, note), later on ṭawās̲h̲ī (which, according to al-Maḳrīzī, Hist , des Sultans Mamlouks , tr. Quatremère, 1/2 (1849), 132, comes from the Turkish ṭābūs̲h̲ī = Osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊ …

, also Ḳi̊rḳ Kinise and Ḳi̊rknīsa (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥat-nāme , Istanbul 1928, viii, 69) a town in eastern Thrace, modern Kirklareli. This region to the east of Adrianople or Edirne [ q.v.] had a centre in classical times, but its name is unknown (for the view that this place was called Heraclea, see J. von Hammer, Histoire , i, 234). The Byzantine name of Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise was apparently Sarante Eklesiai, and the name Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise must mean the church of forty saints and not forty churches (F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans , Oxford 1929, ii, 391-2). The later writers Kātibi…

, a word derived, via Syriac, from Greek χορηϒία, but attached by the Arabs to the native root k̲h̲ . r. d̲j̲ . Contrary to its original meaning, the word seems, in the current usage of the Near East, to have denoted “tax” in general, and is in fact found with reference to various specific taxes, thus causing considerable confusion [see d̲j̲izya ]. Arabic technical and legal literature uses it more specifically, at least in the period before the formation of Turkish states, in the sense of land tax, and it is this sense which is exclusively discussed in the present article. For other taxes, see bayt…

This Persian term “master of the house, head of the family”, Pahlavi katak-xvatai, acquired, in addition to the above meanings, those of husband, chief of a tribe, headman of a village and tithe-officer in a town (Chardin, Voyages , ed. 1811, iv, 77, “dixenier de quartier”) responsible to the kalāntar [ q.v.] (cf. M. Muʿīn, Persian dictionary, Tehran 1345, iii, 2921). In Ottoman Turkish, it evolved into the form k y ahya , with the meanings “steward of a household”, “head of an artisans’ gild” (see below). (i) In Ottoman Turkish administrative usage Already in Il-K̲h̲ānid Persia we find the ka…

, a word ostensibly of Iranian origin, later arabicized, whence Eng. “caravan”, Fr. “caravane”, Ger. “Karawane”, etc. Its early form kārbān , meaning “supervising work”, probably evolved in the Pahlavi period. The Pahlavi form may have been kārpānde , in which case it would be a noun made up of kār meaning “army” or “war” plus the suffix -van, signifying a group of travelling merchants; convoys of provisions, goods and animals also were called kārbān. However, This may well be a popular etymology for a word of uncertain origin. The more widespread meaning dates from the early ¶ …

(p.) “lord, owner, master”; in Ottoman usage, it was used as (1) the title of Murād I, and (2) the name of the sand̲j̲aḳ and province of Bursa. 1. The title K̲h̲udāwendigār was used for commanders and viziers during the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period (Ḥasan b. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin al-K̲h̲ōyī, G̲h̲unyat al-kātib wamunyat al-ṭālib fī rusūm al-rasāʾil wa-mad̲j̲mūʿ al-faḍāʾil , ed. N. Lugal-Adnan S. Erzi, Ankara 1963, 4-5; M. C. Şahabettin Tekindağ, İzzet Koyunluoğlu Kütüphanesinde bulunan Türkçe yazmalar , in TM, xvi 1971, 134-5). As an attribute, the term was used for mystics like D̲j̲alāl al…

(Ḳi̊nburun), a sharp cape or headland at the mouth of Dnieper (Özi) river on the Black Sea coast of South Russia; this Turkish name was given to it by the Turks because it looked as slender as a single hair ( ḳi̊l ). It lies at 2 sea miles’s distance from the fortress of Özi or Oczakof, and at the tip of the cape was a fortress built by the Ottomans. Within the Ḳi̊lburun promontory is an inner estuary 40 km. long and 8-10 km. wide (P. Minas Bijişkyan, Karadeniz tarih ve coğrafyasi , tr. H. D. Andreasyan, Istanbul 1969, 100). The salt obtained from the lakes in the …

, čatald̲j̲ali̊ , Ottoman Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a. The son of a Janissary from Čatald̲j̲a, he was trained as a saddler in the household of the Čās̲h̲nagīr Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a. The patronage of the Dār al-saʿāda ag̲h̲asi̊ Muṣṭafā procured him appointment in the Palace service successively as Maṭbak̲h̲ emīmi , Čawus̲h̲-bas̲h̲i , Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ and Mīrak̲h̲ur-i ewwel [see sarāy ]. Upon his appointment as Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a in 1035/1625-6 he was given in marriage ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Sulṭān, the daughter of Aḥmed I. As Admiral, he procured the installation of D̲j̲āni̊bek Girāy as K̲h̲ān of the C…

, ewliyā , Ottoman officer of the second half of the 9th/15th century. It is conjectured that he was the son of Todor Muzak, the great Albanian lord (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲azāde, ed. ʿĀlī, Istanbul 1332, 191; Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Taeschner, i, 230; H. İnalcik, Fatih devri üzere tetkikler ve vesikalar , Ankara 1954, 162). It is not known at what date he was taken by the devs̲h̲irme to be brought up in Ottoman service; however, as he came to prominence during the reign of Meḥemmed II, this probably occurred towards the end of Meḥemmed I’s reign. The m…

(a. K̲h̲azīna ), state treasury. In Turkish, the word k̲h̲azīne acquired a meaning close to this at least in the 7th/13th century ( Taniklarile tarama sözlüǧü , Ankara 1967, iii, 1907) and it was widely used from the 9th/15th century onwards to mean “a place where official and/or private money, jewels and various valuables were kept” (Muṣṭafā ʿAlī, Mewāʾid ül-nefāʾis fī ḳawāʾid ül-med̲j̲ālis , Istanbul 1956, 117; Ö. L. Barkan, Osmanli imperatorluğunda ziraî ekonominin hukuki ve mali esaslari , i, Kanunlar , Istanbul 1943, 370). The word in popular usage gradually took the form of k̲h̲azne…

, kaplud̲j̲a or ḳablud̲j̲a , the general term used in Turkey for a place where a hot spring is roofed over, as in a bath house. Other terms used in Turkish are ḳaynard̲j̲a , aḳard̲j̲a , i̊li̊su , ḳudret ḥamāmi̊ , čermik , i̊li̊d̲j̲a and germābe (see XIII. Yüzyildan beri Türkiye türkçesiyle yazilmiş kitaplardan toplanan tanklariyle Tarama Sözlüğü , Ankara 1967, iii, 1942-3). Ewliyā Čelebi [ q.v.], ii, 21, describes varieties of hot springs in different parts of the Ottoman Empire and in other Asian countries. In Anatolia and in Türkistan, he writes, the term i̊li̊d̲j̲a was used to denote a…

(? 1010 79/? 1601-68) a statesman descended from the Turcomans of Ḥamīd [ q.v.] who rose to fame from a career of brigandry. Since he always spoke his local dialect, he acquired the nickname Türkçe Bilmez (“he who knows no Turkish”) (Muṣṭafā Naʿīmā, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1280/1863-4, iv, 382). He was the ¶ son of Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a called ḳāti̊rd̲j̲i̊ (the muleteer) on account of his profession. Ḳāṭi̊rd̲j̲i̊ Meḥemmed spent his childhood on the family farm in Ağlasun and when he was 19, in 1029-30/1620-21, he joined his father’s caravan j…

, kafa, kaffa, the old name of the town of modern Theodosia (Russian Feodosia), on the southeastern coast of the Crimea. In classical times its name was Theodosia, and it was founded in the first half of the 7th century B.C. as a colony from Miletus in Ionia. It is first mentioned in 390 B.C., and according to the sources, the town derived great profit from exports to Greece, having a port with a capacity for 100 ships. However, the town’s trade was harmed by attacks of the Scythian tribes living in the steppes to the north of Kefe. Kefe is recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the form Kapha …

, preceptor and favourite of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], was born at Zaʿfarānborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, now a kaza of the vilâyet of Zonguldak), the son of a certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, son of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm; he claimed to be descended from Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. He came to Istanbul and entered one of the medrese s of the Süleymāniyye, supporting himself by practising sorcery, which he had learned from his father at Safranbolu; this gained him the nickname Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i (“sorcerer”). He was not an able student, but h…