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, bombardier, grenadier (Persian k̲h̲umbara “explosive projectile, grenade, mortar bomb”, etc.), a term used in the Ottoman military organisation. The bombardiers in the Janissary corps and the K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ unit in the D̲j̲ebed̲j̲i corps are thought to have been first introduced in the 9th/15th century. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were of two types, the ulūfeli ones, who were paid, and the tīmār -holders, who formed the majority of them and who served in the fortresses. The K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊s were neglected until the beginning of the 12th/18th century. K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i̊ …

, a title given to the heads of the imperial chancery of the Ottomans. Although the date of its origin is uncertain, the title was certainly known in the 10th/16th century (Hüseyin Hezārfen, Telk̲h̲īṣ ül-beyān fī ḳavānin-i āl-i ʿOt̲h̲mān , 160a, 161a, 177a, etc.; Tevḳīʿī ʿAbdurraḥmān Pas̲h̲a, Ḳānūnnāmesi , in MTM, iii (Istanbul 1331), 520; von Hammer, Staatsverfassung , repr. 1963, i, 93, ii, iii, ff. 127 ff.; A. H. Lybyer, The government of the Ottoman empire, Cambridge, Mass. 1913, 168 f.). Because the title of k̲h̲wād̲j̲egān was bestowed annually, the term k̲h̲w ād̲j̲egānli̊ḳ …

, son of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.] and placed in command at Algiers three times: 1544-1551, 1557-1561, and 1562-1567. The son of an Algerine woman, he was less than 28 years old when appointed pas̲h̲a of Algiers for the first time. His first command (as deputy to his father, who was both Beylerbey and Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a) was marked at the beginning by the strengthening of the fortifications of Algiers, found to be inadequate after the expedition of Charles V in 1541. On the other hand, he tried to settle th…

This Persian term “master of the house, head of the family”, Pahlavi katak-xvatai, acquired, in addition to the above meanings, those of husband, chief of a tribe, headman of a village and tithe-officer in a town (Chardin, Voyages , ed. 1811, iv, 77, “dixenier de quartier”) responsible to the kalāntar [ q.v.] (cf. M. Muʿīn, Persian dictionary, Tehran 1345, iii, 2921). In Ottoman Turkish, it evolved into the form k y ahya , with the meanings “steward of a household”, “head of an artisans’ gild” (see below). (i) In Ottoman Turkish administrative usage Already in Il-K̲h̲ānid Persia we find the ka…

(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān “castrated man, eunuch”. I.—In the central Islamic lands. From the 4th/10th century especially, several euphemisms were applied to eunuchs, who were numerous in the palaces and frequently invested with important functions: notably k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam , pl. k̲h̲uddām ), muʿallim , s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , ustād̲h̲ (see M. Canard, Ak̲h̲bâr ar-Râdî ..., i, 210-1, note), later on ṭawās̲h̲ī (which, according to al-Maḳrīzī, Hist , des Sultans Mamlouks , tr. Quatremère, 1/2 (1849), 132, comes from the Turkish ṭābūs̲h̲ī = Osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊ …

, a word derived, via Syriac, from Greek χορηϒία, but attached by the Arabs to the native root k̲h̲ . r. d̲j̲ . Contrary to its original meaning, the word seems, in the current usage of the Near East, to have denoted “tax” in general, and is in fact found with reference to various specific taxes, thus causing considerable confusion [see d̲j̲izya ]. Arabic technical and legal literature uses it more specifically, at least in the period before the formation of Turkish states, in the sense of land tax, and it is this sense which is exclusively discussed in the present article. For other taxes, see bayt…