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b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, nephew of the caliph ʿAlī. ʿAbd Allāh’s father had gone over to Islām very early, and took part in the emigration of the first believers to Abyssinia, where, according to the common belief, ʿAbd Allāh was born. On his mother’s side he was a brother of Muḥammed b. Abī Bekr; the mother’s name was Asmāʾ bint ʿUmais al-Ḵh̲at̲h̲ʿamīya. After some years the father returned to Medina taking his son with him. ʿAbd Allāh became known chiefly on account of his great generosity, and received the honorific surname of Baḥr al-Ḏj̲ūd, „the Ocean of Generosity“. He appears to h…

b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, brother of the two first ʿAbbāsid Sulṭāns, al-Saffāḥ and al-Manṣūr, born in 82 = 701-702. His father who, according to the usual statement, died in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 125 = August 743, was the founder of the secret ʿAbbāsid propaganda and shortly before his death made over to his son Ibrähīm his right to the ʿAbbāsid imāmate. In the following year the latter sent Bukair b. Māhān [q. v.] to Marw where he informed the Ḵh̲orāsānians of Muḥammad’s death and proclai…

G̲h̲āzī, an Aiyūbid, second son of Saladin [q. v.]. Born in 568 (1172-1173) he was installed as nominal governor of Ḥalab immediately after its conquest by Saladin at the beginning of 579 (1183), but a few months later Saladin handed over the town to his brother al-ʿĀdil [q. v.]. Three years later al-Ẓāhir ¶ was definitely given Ḥalab and several other towns so that his rule extended northwards to the frontier of Armenia, eastwards as far as the Euphrates (at Manbid̲j̲) and southwards to near Ḥamāt. He therefore had the task of defending the north…

b. al-Mug̲h̲īra b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar b. Mak̲h̲zūm, an opponent of Muḥammad. Little is known of his life but it is certain that he was one of the most powerful men in Mecca and one of the most ardent opponents of ¶ he Prophet. As head of the numerous and prominent family of the Mak̲h̲zūm he naturally represented the aristocratic interests in the city of Muḥammad’s birth and that he was himself very prosperous is evident from the fact that, according to traditionists, he owned a garden in Ṭāʾif which he planted for pleasure only and nev…

, a Barmakid. In the ʿAbbāsid caliphate we find Yaḥyā already prominent in the reign of al-Manṣūr, who in 158 (774—775) appointed him governor of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān or, according to another account, Armenia. Three years later, the caliph al-Mahdī appointed him tutor to his son, the young Hārūn, and in 163 (779—780) the latter was appointed governor of the western half of the empire, i. e. of all the provinces west of the Euphrates, with the addition of Armenia and Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān, and Yaḥyā was p…

b. Abī Ḵh̲ālid al-Aḥwal, a vizier. He began his political career as a secretary and shortly after the accession of al-Maʾmūn was made vizier. He exerted soon great influence over the caliph; it was he that urged to confer the governorship of Ḵh̲orāsān in 205 (821) upon Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusain, then governor of Bagdad. Al-Maʾmūn had already appointed G̲h̲assān b. ʿAbbād governor of that province, but when Aḥmed pointed out to him that G̲h̲assān was unequal to such a difficult task and stood security for …

b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, Abū Ḥafṣ al-As̲h̲ad̲j̲d̲j̲, Umaiyad caliph. He was born in Medīna in the year 63 (682—683). His father ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz [q. v.] had been for many years governor of Egypt; through his mother he was descended from ʿOmar I. She was Umm ʿĀṣim bint Āṣim b. ʿOmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb. He spent the greater part of his life in Medīna. He was sent there by his father from Egypt to receive a fitting education in the city of the Prophet and remained there till the death of his father in 85 (704). H…

, a Muḥammadan dynasty in Diyār Bakr, founded by the Kurd chief Bād̲h̲, who had begun his career as a shepherd and then took to brigandage. With the help of a body of men similarly inclined, he seized the town of Ard̲j̲īs̲h̲ in Armenia with other strongholds on the Armenian frontier. After the death of the Būyid ʿAḍud al-Dawla (372 = 983), he invaded the province of Diyār Bakr and captured Amid, Maiyāfāriḳīn and Naṣībīn. The armies, which Samsām al-Dawla sent against him, were defeated and al-Ma…

Further Bibliography: Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, vi. 317, 320 sqq.; ix. 45, 51; do., al-Tanbīh wa ’l-Is̲h̲rāf, p. 346—349; Balād̲h̲urī, ed. de Goeje, p. 146, 168, 185, 297, 311; Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, p. 291—297; Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, see Guidi, Tables alphabétiques; Gabrieli, Documenti relativi al califfato di al-Amīn in aṭ-Ṭabarī, in R.R.A.L., ser. vi., vol. iii., p. 191-220; do., La successione di Hārūn ar-Rašīd e la guerra fra al-Amīn e al-Maʾmūn, in R. S. O., xi. 341—397. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, al-Malik al-Raḥīm Abū Naṣr b. Abī Kālīd̲j̲ār, a Būyid. After the death in Ḏj̲umādā I 440 (Oct. 1048) of Abū Kālīd̲j̲ār [q. v.] Ḵh̲usraw Fīrūz (var. Ḵh̲orra Fīrūz) was recognised as Amīr of the ʿIrāḳ while his brother Abū Manṣūr Fūlād̲h̲ Sutūn seized the town of S̲h̲īrāz. Soon afterwards Ḵh̲usraw Fīrūz sent an army under Abū Saʿd Ḵh̲usraw S̲h̲āh, who was also his brother, against S̲h̲īrāz; the town had to surrender and Abū Manṣūr was taken prisoner (S̲h̲awwāl 440 = March-April 1049) but released after…

P. 27a, l. 14. On the part which in spite of his cruelty, he played in the history of Spain as precursor of his celebrated grandson ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, see the article umaiyads, vi. 1006 sq.— l. 51. As Seybold, G. G. A., 1920, p. 182 observes the article in al-ʿAd̲h̲ārī should be omitted; we also find (al-ʿId̲h̲ārī) “addito semper articulo”; see Gildemeister, Catalogus librorum manu scriptorum or. qui in Bibl. Acad. Bonnensi servantur, p. 13 and Brockelmann, G. A. L., i. 337. — According to Seybold, to the Bibl. should be added: Ibn al-ʿAbbār, al-Ḥulla al-siyarāʾ, in Dozy, Notices sur quelque…

b. al-Barāʾ, one of Muḥammad’s Companions. In the year 622, Bis̲h̲r took part in the second ʿAḳaba where his father, al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr took part. He was famous for his skill as a bowman and took part in the battles of Badr and Uḥud, the “Battle of the Ditch”, the campaign to Ḥudaibiya and the conquest of Ḵh̲aibar. After the capitulation of the Jewish population of Ḵh̲aibar in the year 7 (628), Bis̲h̲r was poisoned by a Jewess named Zainab bint al-Ḥārit̲h̲, because she had lost all her male relatives in the war and wish…

li-Amr Allāh (or li ’llāh) ʿAbd al-Karīm b. al-Faḍl, ʿAbbāsid Caliph, born in 317 (929—930). His father was the caliph al-Muṭīʿ after whose deposition on 13th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 363 (Aug. 5, 974) he was proclaimed Commander of the Faithful. His mother, who survived him, was called ʿUtb. As Ibn al-At̲h̲īr justly observes (ix. 56), al-Ṭāʾiʿ during his reign had not sufficient authority to be able to associate himself with any enterprises worthy of mention. He is only mentioned in history, one may safely say, in connection with…

, ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Īldegiz, an Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. His father, the Atābeg Īldegiz [q. v.], had been the real ruler in the whole Seld̲j̲ūḳ empire. Ḳizil Arslān”s mother was the widow of Sulṭān Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l I and mother of Sulṭān Arslān b. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [q. v.]. When Īldegiz died in 568 (1172), he was succeeded by his son Muḥammad Pahlawān; in 570 (1174—1175) the latter besieged Marāg̲h̲a while Ḳizil Arslān advanced on Tabrīz and when the lord of these two towns, the Ḳāḍī Ṣadr al-Dīn, entered into neg…

b. Saʿd, a companion of Muḥammad. Bas̲h̲īr was born in Mecca and was one of the few Arabs of the pre-Muḥammadan period who could write. In the year 622 he took part in the second conference at ʿAḳaba and in the following years took part in several battles under Muḥammad. By command of the prophet he undertook in S̲h̲aʿbān 7 (December 629) an expedition with 30 men to Fadak against the Banū Murra. When he came upon them, his men took to flight but Bas̲h̲īr defended himself with the greatest valour…

bi ’llāh, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad (or al-Zubair) b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, an ʿAbbāsid ¶ caliph, son of al-Mutawakkil and a slave-girl named Ḳabīḥa. After al-Mustaʿīn had been forced to abdicate, al-Muʿtazz was proclaimed caliph on 4th Muḥarram 252 (Jan. 25, 866). When he wanted to get rid of the two Turkish generals Waṣīf and Bog̲h̲a the younger, they got wind of his intentions and went back to Sāmarrā. On the other hand, he succeeded in putting his brother and successor designate al-Muʾaiyad to death and throwing the third brother Abū Aḥma…

b. Muḥammed, Umaiyad prince in Spain. ʿAbd Allāh, who ascended the throne of Cordova after the sudden death of his brother al-Mund̲h̲ir in 275 (888), has been characterized as „one of the most repulsive phenomena in the whole history of Islām,“ and in truth his twenty-four years of power were a most unhappy period for his subjects. In order to secure his life and his throne against imaginary dangers, the suspicious tyrant treated his nearest relatives in the most cruel manner possible. His brothe…

, Sulaimān II b. Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān II, a Sald̲j̲ūḳ ruler in Asia Minor. His father Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslān b. Masʿūd [q. v.] in his old age divided his kingdom among his many sons. The consequence of this was that the latter set up as independent rulers and began to fight with one another so that at his death in S̲h̲aʿbān 588 (Aug. 1192) complete anarchy reigned. In the course of time however, Rukn al-Dīn brought the whole kingdom under his sway. Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Maliks̲h̲āh who had received Sīwās and Aḳṣarā, b…

b. Mūsā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, nephew of the two first ʿAbbāsid Caliphs, al-Saffāḥ and al-Manṣūr. In the last year of his reign al-Saffāḥ had homage paid to his brother Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar and after him to his nephew ʿĪsā b. Mūsā as heirs-apparent. ʿĪsā, who a few years previously had been appointed governor of Kūfa, retained this office after the accession of Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. When the ʿAlid Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh rebelled in Medīna in 145 (762), ʿĪsā was sent with an army against…

b. ʿOt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffan, governor, son of the third caliph. His mother was called Umm ʿAmr bint Ḏj̲undab b. ʿAmr al-Dawsīya. Abān accompanied ʿĀʾis̲h̲a at the battle of the Camel in Ḏj̲umādā I 36 (November 656); on the battle terminating otherwise than was expected, he was one of the first to run away. On the whole, he does not seem to have been of any political importance. The caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān appointed him as governor of Medina. He occupied this position for seven years; he was then …