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[German version] (μουσική/ mousikḗ sc. τέχνη/ téchnē) encompassed the skills and arts imparted by the Muses that were cultivated ‘for their own sake’. The origin of the word is unclear (perhaps since Lasus [1] of Hermione), first found in Pindar (Ol. 1,15) and Epicharmus (CGF 91). In classical texts, it primarily refers to poetry, music and dance, then to training in the fine arts (Pl. Resp. 401d), musical harmonics (Archyt. 47B 1 DK), as well as philosophising (Plat. Phd. 61a). There were contests in the fine arts in Sparta, Delphi, Argos beginning in ancient times; contests in mousike are …

[German version] Mythical musician from Celaenae in Phrygia, ‘inventor’ of the aulos, said to have introduced the Phrygian mode ( harmonía) as well as nómoi of Cybele and of Pan (Aristox. fr. 78; Marmor Parium 10); named together with  Marsyas and  Olympus (Pseudo-Plut. Mus. 1132f; Anon. Bellermanni 28).  Musical instruments II (aulos) Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin)

[German version] (Λάμπρος; Lámpros). Musician, praised by Aristoxenus [1] as a master on a par with Pindar, Dionysius [39] of Thebes and Pratinas (Aristox. fr. 76 Wehrli). Also considered a music teacher, similar to Antiphon as teacher of rhetoric (Pl. Menex. 236a). The assumption that he may have been Sophocles' dance and music teacher (Ath. 1,20e) is difficult to reconcile chronologically with the testimony of the comedian Phrynichus (Ath. 2,44d). Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin)

(Εὐκλείδης; Eukleídēs). [German version] [1] Athenian archon in 403/2 BC Athenian archon in 403/2 BC. During his year in office Athens made a new start following the Oligarchy of the Thirty (e.g., see And. 1,87-94) and, among others, officially adopted the Ionian alphabet (Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 155). Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) Bibliography Develin 199 LGPN 2, Εὐκλείδης (9). [German version] [2] of Megara Student of Socrates Student of Socrates, founder of the  Megarian School; born between 450 and 435, probably died early in the 360s. In Plato's Phaedon (59c) E. is named among those …

(Γλαύκη; Glaúkē). [German version] [1] Nereide Nereid (Hom. Il. 18,39; Hes. Theog. 244; Hyg. Praef. 8), whose name describes the glossy blue as well as comparable colour shades of the sea (Hom. Il. 16,34; Hes. Theog. 440) and whose masculine counterpart is  Glaucus. G. is also represented as a nymph at various locations (Paus. 8,47,2f.; Tzetz. Theogony 100-102). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [2] Spring nymph, bride of Jason Spring nymph in Corinth, equated by some authors with the daughter of the local king  Creon, who otherwise is called  Creus…

(Ἐπίγονος; Epígonos). [German version] [1] Sculptor in Pergamum Sculptor in Pergamum, who participated in building the victory monuments for the Attalids according to Pliny. Signatures are preserved on the following bases for Attalus I (241-197 BC): the so-called ‘Small Battle Bathron’ of the strategos Epigenes [2]; round base of the so-called ‘Great Anathema’ ( c. 228 BC; the attribution of the ‘Ludovisi Gaul’ remains in dispute); the so-called ‘Great Bathron’ ( c. 223 BC) with the ‘Dying Trumpeter’, which is documented in writing and was recognized in a copy on t…

Haas, Max (Basle) I. History of Ideas (CT) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) In an ancient tradition continuing to the 17th/18th cent., music was conceived as a twofold possibility of dealing with 'experience' and 'structure' [21]. In the first case, it was considered as the medium that enables abstraction from individual sensual perception. The opposite process was also possible: music provides insight into intelligible factors that do not necessarily lead to sense perception. In the following, therefor…

[German version] (Ἀντιγενείδας; Antigenéidas). Famous aulos player from Thebes, worked under Philoxenus with (Suda) and 382 BC at the marriage of Iphicrates (Athens 4, 131 b). The mouthpiece of his aulos was said to be novel (Theophr. Hist. pl. 4,11,3) and his playing to be stylistically formative (Ps.- Plut. Mus. 1138). Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin)

(Ἀριστείδης; Aristeídēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician and srategos (beginning of the 5th cent. BC) Of Athens, son of Lysimachus. He was one of the most prominent politicians and strategoi of Athens at the time of the Persian Wars. In the battle of Marathon, he probably served as a strategos. In 489/488 BC, he was the eponymous archon (Plut. Aristides 1,2, cf. IG I3 1031). In 482 BC, he was ostrazised ( Ostraka) (Hdt. 8,79; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 22,7; Plut. Aristides 7,1 ff.). His rivalry with  Themistocles, documented already in Herodotus (8,79), …

[German version] (Ἀριστοκλείδης; Aristokléidēs). Kithara player of the School of Terpander, won over Phrynis, who began as an aulos player, to kithara playing (schol. Aristoph. Nub. 971). Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin)

[German version] A. Life In addition to self-testimonials cf. especially the biography by  Possidius. On 13.11.354 birth of A. in Thagaste (northern Africa), the son of a simple non-Christian Roman civil servant, Patricius, and a Christian, Monnica. In 370 commenced rhetoric training in Carthage. 372: reading of Cicero's Hortensius. From 373-382 follower of Manichaeism, in 374 return to Thagaste; teacher of grammar and rhetoric. 376: teaching in Carthage. 380/1: (lost) first work De pulchro et de apto. 383: teaching in Rome; interest in the New  Academy. From 383 onwar…

(Δίδυμος; Dídymos). [1] of Alexandria Important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC [German version] A. Philological activity The most important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC. The biographical entry in the Suda (δ 872) tells us that he was still alive in the reign of Augustus, and mentions a nickname ‘Chalkenteros’ (Χαλκέντερος, ‘Brazen-guts’, cf. the Suda ι 399, χ 29). To his strong constitution he attributed an untiring assiduity that extended to different branches of p…

(Ἀλύπιος; Alýpios). [German version] [1] Vicarius of Britain under Iulianus Possibly from Cilicia, absolved a study programme in Antiochia (Lib. Ep. 324). Under emperor  Julian he administered Britain as vicarius (Lib. loc.cit; n. 23,1,2). AD 363 Julian passed on the rebuilding of the temple of Jerusalem to the educated pagan (cf. Julian Ep. 29 and 30), this failed in the end (Philostorgius Hist. eccl. 7,9; Rufin. hist. 10,38; note 23,1,2). 371 A. was embroiled in a lawsuit concerning murder by poison and was exiled (n. 29,1,44). Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [German version] [2] Faltoniu…

(Ἰσίδωρος; Isídōros). [German version] [1] Pirate captain, defeated by Lucullus at Tenedus in 72 BC Pirate captain who organized the Cilician pirates in the area around Crete, was besieged in 78 BC by P. Servilius Isauricus (Flor. 1,41,3), later entered the service of Mithridates and in 72 was defeated by Lucullus in the naval battle of Tenedos at the entrance to the Dardanelles (App. Mithr. 77, Memnon 42,2 = FHG 3,548) and killed (Plut. Lucullus 12.2). Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] I. of Charax Geographer, end of 1st cent. BC Geographer, certainly of the Augustan p…

( ̆Αριστόξενος). [English version] [1] von Tarent, Musiker, Musiktheoretiker, Philosoph und Biograph, 4. Jh. v. Chr. von Tarent, Musiker, Musiktheoretiker, Philosoph, Biograph, μουσικός genannt. Nach Suda Sohn des Mnesias oder des Musikers Spintharos, Schüler des Vaters, eines Lampros von Erythrai, des Pythagoreers Xenophilos und zuletzt des Aristoteles. In Mantineia wandte A. sich der Philos. zu. In Korinth will er vom Tyrannen Dionysios II. (nach dessen Verbannung aus Sizilien 344) die Geschichte von Damon un…

(Γαυδέντιος). [English version] [1] G. Philosophos Musiker und Philosoph Autor einer Einführung in die Harmonik Ἁρμονικὴ εἰσαγωγή ( Harmonikḗ eisagōgḗ), die - wohl nach Klaudios Ptolemaios verfaßt - Cassiodorus' Freund Mutianus ins Lat. übersetzt hat (Cassiod. inst. 2,5,142 Mynors). Das unvollständig (in 23 Kap.) erh. Werk bietet traditionelles Lehrgut in z.T. leicht veränderter Form, bes. des Aristoxenos und der Pythagoreer: Stimme, Ton, Intervall, Tongeschlecht, System (1-7), Zusammenklänge, Konsonanzen, Zahlenv…

(Δίδυμος). [1] Aus Alexandreia griech. Grammatiker und Musiktheoretiker, 2. H. 1. Jh. v. Chr. [English version] A. Philogische Tätigkeit Der bedeutendste griech. Grammatiker der 2.H. des 1. Jh. v.Chr. Die biographische Notiz in der Suda (δ 872) besagt, daß er bis in die Zeit des Augustus lebte, und erwähnt den Beinamen “Chalkénteros” (Χαλκέντερος, “der Mann mit dem ehernen Gedärm”, vgl. Suda ι 399, χ 29). Ihn verdankte er seiner unermüdlichen Aktivität, die sich auf verschiedene Gebiete der Philol. erstreckte. Dur…

[English version] Affekte waren Thema in der ant. Philos. und Rhet., beiläufig auch in der musikalischen Ethoslehre, doch gab es keine spezielle musikalische A. Daß Melodien und Rhythmen auf unterschiedliche Seelen unterschiedlich wirken, hatte Boethius (inst. mus. 1,1) im Sinne der Überlieferung (Pythagoras, Platon rep. 3,398-401) dargelegt. Vom 11. Jh. an versuchte man, die Tonartenlehre des gregorianischen Chorals mit der musikalischen Ethoslehre zu verbinden. Um 1300 entstanden im Rahmen der A…

[English version] A. Leben Flavius Magnus Aurelius C., Senator, geb. ca. 490 n.Chr., aus einer Familie der senatorischen Aristokratie, die, wohl syr. Ursprungs (der Name deutet auf den syr. Zeus Kasios), seit Generationen in Scylacium (Squillace in Kalabrien) ansässig war, über großen Einfluß in Bruttium und Sizilien verfügte ( primatus: Cassiod. var 1,4,14) und wichtige polit. Aufgaben erfüllte (PLRE 2, 263f., C. 1 und 2). Sein Vater (PLRE 2, 264f.) war als comes sacr. larg. des Odoaker rechtzeitig (490) zu Theoderich umgeschwenkt, hatte ihm kampflos Sizilien überge…

[English version] A. Leben Neben Selbstzeugnissen vgl. bes. die Biographie des Possidius. 13.11.354 Geburt A.' in Thagaste (Nordafrika) als Sohn eines einfachen, nichtchristl. röm. Beamten, Patricius, und einer Christin, Monnica. 370 Beginn der Rhet.-Ausbildung in Karthago. 372 Lektüre von Ciceros Hortensius. 373-382 Anhänger des Manichäismus 374 Rückkehr nach Thagaste; Gramm.- u. Rhet.-Lehrer. 376 Lehrtätigkeit in Karthago. 380/1 (Verlorene) Erstschrift De pulchro et de apto. 383 Lehrtätigkeit in Rom; Interesse an der Neuen Akademie. Ab 383 Auseinanderset…