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[German version] [1] Mother of Theodosius [II 2] I, 4th cent. AD Mother of Theodosius [II 2] I; died before AD 389/391. PLRE 1, 909 no. 1. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Niece of Theodosius [II 2] I, c. AD 400 Granddaughter of T. [1], adopted, with her sister Serena, into the family of her uncle Theodosius [II 2] the Great before AD 384 and treated as an adopted daughter (Claud., Laus Serenae 105-109; 118; 187; Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 48,1); married to a high-ranking officer. PLRE 1, 909 no. 2. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [3…

[German version] Aelia Flavia F. First wife of the emperor Theodosius I; three children were born of the marriage contracted in c. AD 376: the later emperors  Arcadius and  Honorius as well as  Pulcheria. In 379 F. was appointed Augusta. The committed supporter of Nicene Christianity (Sozom. Hist. eccl. 7,6; Theod. Hist. eccl. 5,19) was considered pious and charitable. When she died in 386 in Skotumis (Thrace), Gregorius [2] of Nyssa held the funerary oration (PG 46, 877-892). Her statue was erected in the Senate building (Them. Or. 19,228b). PLRE 1, 341f. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Fr…

[German version] [1] Vicarius urbis Romae, 321-324 AD In AD 321-324 vicarius urbis Romae (Cod. Theod. 2,8,1; 16,2,5; 13,5,4; Cod. Iust. 8,10,6 calls him agens vicem praefectorum praetorio). In 329 he was still the recipient of laws (Cod. Theod. 9,21,4; 13,5,4); as such a long period in office as a vicarius would have been unusual, we should assume that he held a higher office in the meantime, perhaps that he was praefectus praetorio Italiae. PLRE 1, 413 (H. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Claudius H. Praefectus praetorio Orientis 360-361 AD Paphlagon…

[German version] The term 'palatini' was used since the 4th cent. AD as a designation for those serving in a military or civil capacity at court ( palatium) or in close association with it. Among the palatini of the militia armata were the soldiers of the scholae palatinae and also those of the elite troops first attested in 365, but probably already separated from the comitatenses around 320. We know from the notitia dignitatum of 157 units of palatini, most of whom came under the jurisdiction of the magistri militum praesentales ( magister militum ); however, in the…

[German version] A. Origin of the office An office of late antiquity created by Constantinus [1] I, which was among the highest in the Roman empire (Not. Dign. Or. 11; Not. Dign. Occ. 9), attested for the first time in AD 320 (Cod. Theod. 16,10,1). The great imperial chancelleries ( scrinium ) of the magister memoriae, magister epistularum and magister libellorum and lesser palace officials, such as admissionales, interpretes, mensores ( mensor ), decani ( decanius ), stratores, cursores, lampadarii , and notarii ( notarius ) were first of all probably mandated to the magister officiorum …

[German version] [1] Consul before AD 370/1 Consular before AD 370/1; at this time a member of a Senate deputation to the court of Valentinianus I, protesting against the use of torture on senators; possibly the M. of Trier mentioned by Symmachus (ep. 4,30) ( Augusta Treverorum). PLRE 1, 603, 1. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Official, around AD 395 Possibly a son of M. [1]. probably magister epistularum in AD 394/5, thereafter active in Gaul; comes rerum privatarum in 397/8, comes sacrarum largitionum in 398/9; addressee of several letters of S…

[German version] Flavius P., possibly comes Africae before AD 386, magister militum 386-391; defeated the Greuthungi in the lower reaches of the Danube as magister peditum per Thracias in 386; magister equitum 388-391. P. led the cavalry against Magnus Maximus [II 7] in 388, became consul in 389 and extricated Theodosius I [II 2] from a difficult military position in 391. A fierce conflict with Rufinus [II 3] led to fighting in the consistorium and, in 391, probably also to P.' death in Thrace in an ambush allegedly instigated by Rufinus. His tw…

[German version] PC peregrinorum or princeps peregrinorum was the designation of the highest-ranking centurio in the frumentarii stationed at Rome in the castra peregrina. Until the late 2nd cent. AD, the PC had no further opportunity for promotion, but from the 3rd cent. on, he could attain the highest offices of state (governor, praefectus praetorio ) (Cass. Dio 78,14; CIL VIII 2529; ILS 1372). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres, 21967.

[German version] Roman empress, married in a second marriage to  Valentinianus I, mother of Valentinianus II. Other children: Iusta, Grata, Galla [2]. She supported the Arian line of belief and is said to have backed the Milan ecclesiastical conflict with  Ambrosius of AD 385/86. This concerned the use of a church by the Arians, but it seems unlikely that she would have been able to pursue this alone [1. 170-173]. In any case this episode has resulted up to the present day in a negative image of I…

[German version] Late antique collective term for those provincial governors who held the title of v ir clarissimus (Cod. Theod. 1,10,8 et passim), similar to rector or iudex. It was Justinian who in AD 535 first used moderator as a genuine official title for the governors of particular provinces with the rank of spectabilis (Court titles; Moderator Iustinianus Helenoponti, Nov. 28, Phoniciae ad Libanum, Edict. 4, Arabiae, Nov. 102). This last had civil and military authority. Occasionally moderator is also found as the title of officials who were not governors, includin…

[German version] [1] Praefectus urbi Romae AD 385-387 Praefectus urbi Romae AD 385-387, P. was sent as a legate to emperor Valentinianus II by the senate in 395 with Postumianus to seek assistance with regard to a rise in prices. The choice of another legate, Paulinus, proved contentious. Probably the father or uncle of P. [2]. PLRE 1, 702 (P. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Christian ascetic 4th/5th cent. Nephew or son of P. [1], in AD 396 AD at the age of 16 or 17  the younger Melania [2], who after the death of their two chil…

[German version] (Κλεόδαμος; Kleódamos). C. of Byzantium, commissioned by  Gallienus with strengthening the fortifications of the cities near the mouth of the Danube against the  Heruli in AD 267 (SHA Gall. 13,6). In the same year (not later under Claudius II) C. drove the Heruli from Athens, which they had conquered (Zon. 12,26, p. 151 Dindorf III). PIR2 C 1144. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[German version] From Mogontiacum (Mainz), rationarius of the mag. militum Silvanus in Gaul in AD 355, mag. officiorum of Valentinianus I c. 365-371; in this period he covered up the machinations of his brother-in-law Romanus in Africa. This and the usurpation of the Moor Firmus [3] led to his dismissal. In 373, when his misdeeds were discovered, R. hanged himself. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography Clauss 186 f.  PLRE 1, 763.

[German version] Christian son of the Moorish king Nubel; in AD 374 he supported the unsuccessful attempt at usurpation by his brother Firmus [3] against Valentinian I. In 397 he fled to Italy to escape his other brother Gildo, who had tried to kill him and had had his sons killed. In 398, under Stilicho's command, he fought against Gildo and won (allegedly through a miracle) despite numerical inferiority. He is said to have been drowned by Stilicho shortly afterwards.PLRE 1, 566. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[German version] [1] From 398 AD praefectus urbis Romae Praef. urbis Romae for around two months early in AD 398; his task was to enforce the conscription of slaves as recruits for the conflict with Gildo (Symmachus, Ep. 6,64; 8,63; 65); after the expulsion of Symmachus, L. restored order in Rome. Perhaps identical to L. [2]. PLRE 2, 654f. (L. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Senator, early 5th cent. AD Senator, protested in AD 408 against the agreement concluded by Stilicho with Alaricus [2], whereby the latter would receive 4,0…

[German version] (Μαριάδης; Mariádes). Citizen and councillor of Antioch on the Orontes. M. was excluded from the boulḗ for embezzlement of public funds. He fled to the Persian Empire and betrayed the city when it was invaded by Sapor c. AD 260. Sapor had him executed shortly afterwards. Or. Sib. 13, 89-102; SHA Tyr. Trig. 2,2-3; Amm. Marc. 23,5,3; Zos. 1,27; 3,32,5; Ioh. Mal. 12,295-296. PIR2 M 273. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[German version] Flavius T., an officer under Valens [2], in AD 385 cos., in 386 comes et magister equitum, 388-395 magister equitum et peditum, and in 388 he led the infantry in a war with Maximus [II 7]. He took part in the conflicts between Theodosius [II 2] and Ambrosius over the synagogue in Callinicum, which had been destroyed by Christians. In 389, T. was cos. II. In 391, when he had to fight bands of Goths in Thrace, he came into conflict with Rufinus [II 3] and shortly afterwards fell into disgrace. In 394, however, he was commander-in-chief with Stil…

[German version] Flavius Magnus M., usurper, Roman emperor, AD 350-353. Born in Amiens c. 303, of non-Roman origin, not Christian. M. entered a military career and made it to the rank of comes . The comes rerum privatarum Marcellinus [5] incited him to conspire against Constans [1]: On 18 January 350, M. revolted in Autun (Aur. Vict. 42; Zos. 2,42); Constans was killed. By the end of February, M. was recognized as emperor in northern Italy, and thereafter in the entire West and in Africa as well. In the Danube reg…

[German version] (or clarissimus vir = c.v., literally approximately a 'highly regarded man'; Greek lamprótatos, attested from c. AD 160; until the 3rd cent. AD also krátistos). In the (late) Republican Period a general senatorial honorary attribute; in the Imperial Period VC developed into a title of rank for members of the senatorial class (Senatus). Up to the early 2nd cent. AD it became a fixed title for senators (until the 4th cent. it was c.v.) which from the 2nd cent. was also transferred to their relatives ( clarissima femina, c. iuvenis, c. puer, c. puella). As a rule women lost …

[German version] (better known as Auxentius of Durostorum in Moesia). Student of the Gothic bishop Ulfila, perhaps a Goth himself. M. had to give up his bishopric in AD 380 after the edict of Theodosius I with regard to the return of the churches to the Orthodox. Shortly afterwards he was consecrated as Arian bishop of Milan ( Arianism). He was an opponent of Ambrosius; he exerted great influence on the court of Valentinian II. His ‘On the Life and Death of Ulfila ( De vita et obitu Ulfilae). (PL Suppl. 1, 703-707) has come down to us. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography K. G…

[German version] Came from Africa, proconsul of Constantinople around AD 350, quaestor sacri palatii of Constantius [5] Gallus AD 351-353; while seeking to gain influence with the life guards during Gallus' struggle with the praef. praet. Domitianus [3], he was murdered by soldiers incited by Gallus (Amm. Marc. 14,7,12-14; 9,4; 11,17; Philostorgius 3,28; PLRE 1, 535-536, 11; 1, 608). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[German version] [1] Official under Hermogenes, AD 358 In AD 358, after occupying other, unknown offices, he became consularis Syriae. He was fined and dismissed by the praef. praet. Hermogenes [10] for failings in the supply of the army in Callinicum. He may have received a new office in 360 from the comes Orientis Modestus [2]. N. was highly regarded by Libanius (Lib. Ep. 122; 193). PLRE 1, 628 no. 1. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Official, 4th cent. AD Tribunus et notarius, lived in Mediolanum/Milan, where he was said to be miraculously he…

[German version] (or vir perfectissimus, Greek διασημότατος/ diasēmótatos). From no later than the time of Marcus [2] Aurelius (AD 161-180) onward honorary predicate and title of rank for equites above the rank of egregius ( vir egregius ), but under eminentissimus . Initially it was conferred on a person without relation to any particular office. Before Diocletianus (284-305) the title is recorded for e.g. praefectus [3] vigilum, praefectus [12] annonae and praefectus Aegypti , procuratores a rationibus ( procurator ) and praesides ( praeses ). In the beginn…

[German version] Literally 'the first' ( primus) on the 'wax tablet' ( cera) of a roster, primicerius describes the head of an office ( officium) or section in military and civil Roman departments (Chancellery). There were primicerii, for example, for the domestici et protectores ( domesticus ), the duces ( dux ), the scholae and fabricae of the magister officiorum , among the offices at court [C], and in the central administration and the schola notariorum. The rank of a primicerius depended on his activities. The primicerius sacri cubiculi, who was subordinate to the praepositus sacri …

[German version] (‘the undefeated’, ‘invincible’). Epithet of Roman emperors since  Commodus. Already in the Republican period, this epithet was occasionally bestowed on victorious military leaders (e.g.  Cornelius [I 71] Scipio), It is known that  Traianus [1] bore the Greek epithet ἀνίκητος/ aníkētos (of the same meaning). Commodus was the first to turn it into a permanent imperial epithet; this must be understood in the context of his veneration of  Hercules. Only with the Severans ( Severan dynasty) did Invictus lose this connotation and referred to the triumphancy …

[German version] Roman emperor 1 March - 25 December AD 350, of lowly origin from Upper Pannonia, worked his way up to magister peditum under Constantinus [1] and Constans [1]. When Magnentius was proclaimed emperor, V. was in Illyricum. At the request of Constantina, he allowed himself to be proclaimed emperor in order to prevent his army siding with Magnentius, and was recognized by Constantius [2]. Since the latter's support was too weak, however, V. formed an alliance with Magnentius, but minted no coins with Mag…

[German version] ('the next') was applied in the imperial scrinia (Scrinium) of Late Antiquity to an official nearest to a magister. The length of service of the proximi gradually became limited to a year. From c. 380 AD onwards proximi belonged to the viri spectabiles (Spectabilis), from 400 they were given the rank of senator on retirement, with certain privileges such as exemption from an expensive praetorship. In the early Imperial Period there were freedmen of the emperor, in various administrative positions with the title proximus; they could rise as high as procurator . Groß-Alben…

[German version] [1] Decimius G. Official under Constantius II Under Constantius II he was consularis of the province Baetica (CIL II 2206). In AD 361, he was temporarily praefectus praetorio Galliarum in place of Nebridius, who had refused to give allegiance to Julian, and then again in 363-366 (Amm. Marc. 21,8,1; 26,5,5). PLRE 1, 392 (G. 4). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Comes sacrarum largitionum at the court of Valentinian I Comes sacrarum largitionum at the court of Valentinian I in AD 366-368 (Cod. Theod. 7,7,1; Cod. Iust. 11,62…

[German version] (Greek τρακτευταί/ trakteutaí). Accounting official, primarily in the financial administration, which came under the praefectus praetorio , first attested in a 468 AD law of the emperor Leo [4] I (Cod.  Just. Epit. 10,23,3,3). In the provinces they were responsible for the annual notification of the amount and use of taxes, supervised the collection and passing on of all tax demands and saw to the recovery of financial arrears; for this they also received armed assistance when needed. They were selected by the heads of the office. Negligence by tractatores attracted …

[German version] Born c. AD 365 in Spain, daughter of Honorius [2], niece of Theodosius I, who held in great esteem the highly educated S., adopted her after the death of her father in 379(?) and in 384 married her to Stilicho. Children of this marriage were Maria [I 3], Eucherius [2] and Thermantia. S. gained significant influence at the court of Honorius [3], who she had cared for when he was a child. In 408 she came into opposition with Stilicho but nevertheless fell into disgrace when he was ki…

[English version] Aus Mogontiacum (Mainz), 355 n. Chr. rationarius des mag. militum Silvanus in Gallien, ca. 365-371 mag. officiorum Valentinianus' I.; er deckte in dieser Zeit die Machenschaften seines Schwagers Romanus in Africa. Dies und die Usurpation des Mauren Firmus [3] führten zu seiner Ablösung. 373 erhängte sich R., als seine Verfehlungen aufgedeckt wurden. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography Clauss 186 f.  PLRE 1, 763.

[English version] [1] Consul vor 370/1 n.Chr Consular vor 370/1 n.Chr.; zu dieser Zeit Mitglied einer Senatsgesandtschaft an den Hof Valentinianus' I., um gegen den Einsatz der Folter bei Senatoren zu protestieren; vielleicht der bei Symmachus (ep. 4,30) erwähnte M. aus Trier (Augusta Treverorum). PLRE 1, 603, 1. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] Amtsträger, um 395 n.Chr. Vielleicht Sohn von M. [1]. 394/5 n.Chr. wohl magister epistularum, dann in Gallien tätig; 397/8 comes rerum privatarum, 398/9 comes sacrarum largitionum; Adressat mehrere…

[English version] Stammte aus Afrika, um 350 n.Chr. proconsul von Konstantinopel, 351-353 quaestor sacri palatii des Constantius [5] Gallus; als er in dessen Streit mit dem praef. praet. Domitianus [3] Einfluß auf die Leibwächter zu nehmen versuchte, wurde er durch die von Gallus aufgehetzten Soldaten ermordet (Amm. 14,7,12-14; 9,4; 11,17; Philostorgios 3,28; PLRE 1, 535-536, 11; 1, 608). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[English version] Röm. Kaiserin, in zweiter Ehe mit Valentinianus I. verheiratet, Mutter Valentinianus' II. Weitere Kinder: Iusta, Grata, Galla [2]. Sie hing der arianischen Glaubensrichtung an und soll hinter dem Mailänder Kirchenstreit mit Ambrosius von 385/86 n.Chr. gestanden haben, in dem es um die Nutzung einer Kirche durch die Arianer ging, doch muß bezweifelt werden, ob sie allein dies hätte betreiben können [1. 170-173]. Jedenfalls hat diese Episode bis heute zu einem negativen Bild der I.…

[English version] Als p.c. peregrinorum oder p. peregrinorum wurde der ranghöchste centurio der in Rom in den castra peregrina stationierten frumentarii bezeichnet. Bis zum E. des 2. Jh. n. Chr. hatte dieser p.c. keine weiteren Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten, ab dem 3. Jh. jedoch konnte er höchste Staatsämter (Statthalter, praefectus praetorio ) erreichen (Cass. Dio 78,14; CIL VIII 2529; ILS 1372). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordnung des röm. Heeres, 21967.

[English version] [1] Decimius G. Amtsträger unter Constantius II. Unter Constantius II. war er consularis der Provinz Baetica (CIL II 2206), 361 n.Chr. zeitweise praefectus praetorio Galliarum anstelle von Nebridius, der Iulianus die Gefolgschaft verweigert hatte, dann erneut 363-366 (Amm. 21,8,1; 26,5,5). PLRE 1, 392 (G. 4). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] Comes sacrarum largitionum am Hof des Valentinianus I. Comes sacrarum largitionum am Hof des Valentinianus I. 366-368 n.Chr. (Cod. Theod. 7,7,1; Cod. Iust. 11,62,3) und …

[English version] Beamte im Stab des comes sacrarum largitionum und des comes rerum privatarum ( comes ), sie gehörten also zu den palatini . Ihre Aufgabe bestand in erster Linie darin, als Boten Aufträge in den Prov. zu erledigen. Bezeugt sind sie erst unter Theodosius I., der ihre Rangverhältnisse und Gehälter festlegte (Cod. Theod. 6,30,2; Tabelle bei [1. 124]), aber verm. gab es sie schon früher. Der Aufstiegsturnus betrug zunächst zwei J., im 5. Jh.n.Chr. ein J. Im 6. Jh. ist eine schola mittendariorum des praef. praet. Africae bekannt (Cod. Iust. 1,27,30). Der Unterschied zum si…

[English version] Flavius Magnus M., Usurpator, röm. Kaiser 350-353 n.Chr. Geb. ca. 303 in Amiens, nichtröm. Herkunft, nicht Christ. M. schlug eine mil. Laufbahn ein und brachte es bis zum comes . Der comes rerum privatarum Marcellinus [5] stachelte ihn zur Verschwörung gegen Constans [1] auf: Am 18.1.350 erhob sich M. in Autun (Aur. Vict. epit. Caes. 42; Zos. 2,42); Constans wurde erschlagen. Bereits E. Februar wurde M. in Oberitalien, dann im ganzen Westen und in Africa als Kaiser anerkannt. Im Donauraum sche…

[English version] (bzw. vir p., griech. διασημότατος/ diasēmótatos). Spätestens seit Marcus [2] Aurelius (161-180 n.Chr.) Ehrenprädikat und Rangtitel für Ritter über dem Rang des egregius ( vir egregius ), aber unter dem des eminentissimus . Die Verleihung erfolgte zunächst persönlich und ohne Bindung an ein bestimmtes Amt. Vor Diocletianus (284-305) ist der Titel unter anderem belegt für praefectus [3] vigilum, praefectus [12] annonae und praefectus Aegypti , procuratores a rationibus ( procurator ) und praesides ( praeses ). Seit etwa 250 n.Chr. wurd…

[English version] (Κλεόδαμος). K. aus Byzanz, von Gallienus mit der Verstärkung der Befestigungen der Städte an der Donaumündung gegen die Heruli 267 n.Chr. beauftragt (SHA Gall. 13,6). Noch im gleichen J. (nicht erst unter Claudius II.) vertrieb K. diese aus Athen, das sie erobert hatten (Zon. 12,26, p. 151 Dindorf III). PIR2 C 1144. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[English version] (“der nächste”) hieß in den spätant. kaiserlichen scrinia ( scrinium ) der dem magister nächststehende Beamte. Die Dienstzeit der proximi wurde nach und nach auf ein Jahr begrenzt. Seit ca. 380 n. Chr. gehörten die p. zu den viri spectabiles ( spectabilis ), seit 400 erhielten sie beim Ausscheiden Senatorenrang mit gewissen Privilegien wie der Befreiung von der aufwendigen Praetur. In der frühen Kaiserzeit gab es Freigelassene des Kaisers mit dem Titel p. in unterschiedlichen Verwaltungsämtern; sie konnten zum procurator aufsteigen. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten …

[English version] Der Begriff p. diente seit dem 4. Jh.n.Chr. als Bezeichnung für am Hof ( palatium) oder doch in enger Beziehung zu diesem in mil. oder ziviler Stellung Dienende. Zu den p. der militia armata gehörten die Soldaten der scholae palatinae , außerdem die der erstmals 365 bezeugten, aber wohl schon um 320 von den comitatenses geschiedenen Elitetruppen. Aus der Notitia dignitatum kennen wir 157 Einheiten der p., von denen die meisten den magistri militum praesentales ( magister militum ) unterstanden; allerdings gab es im Laufe der Zeit mehrfa…

[English version] A. Entstehung der Ämter Von Constantinus [1] I. geschaffenes spätant. Amt, das zu den höchsten des röm. Reiches zählte (Not. dign. or. 11; Not. dign. occ. 9); erstmals bezeugt 320 n.Chr. (Cod. Theod. 16,10,1). Dem m.o., der ständiges Mitglied des consistorium war, waren wohl zunächst die großen kaiserlichen Kanzleien ( scrinium ) des magister memoriae, magister epistularum und magister libellorum und niedrigere Palastbeamte wie admissionales, interpretes, mensores ( mensor ), decani ( decanius ), stratores, cursores, lampadarii sowie notarii ( notarius …

[English version] [1] Praefectus urbi Romae 385-387 n. Chr. 385-387 n.Chr. praefectus urbi Romae, vom Senat 395 mit Postumianus zum Gesandten an Kaiser Valentinianus II. bestellt, um wegen einer Teuerung Hilfe zu erbitten. Um die Wahl eines weiteren Gesandten Paulinus kam es zum Streit. Wahrscheinlich Vater oder Onkel von P. [2]. PLRE 1, 702 (P. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] christl. Asket 4./5. Jh. Neffe oder Sohn von P. [1], 396 n.Chr. im Alter von 16 oder 17 J. mit der jüngeren Melania [2] verheiratet, die ihn nach dem…

[English version] (wörtlich: “Vorsitzender”) wurde im 2. und 3. Jh. n. Chr. als lat. Titel zuerst zur bes. Ehrung von Statthaltern gebraucht, setzte sich dann im amtlichen Sprachgebrauch zunächst für ritterliche procuratores durch und wurde im Gefolge der Neuordnung der Verwaltung unter Diocletianus und Constantinus [1] I. zum Sondertitel für die unterste Gruppe der Provinzstatthalter nach den consulares und correctores , v. a. in den vielen kleinen neugeschaffenen Prov.; allerdings wechselte die Rangstufenfolge. In der Notitia dignitatum sind für …

[English version] [1] vicarius urbis Romae, 321-324 n. Chr. 321-324 n.Chr. vicarius urbis Romae (Cod. Theod. 2,8,1; 16,2,5; 13,5,4; Cod. Iust. 8,10,6 nennt ihn agens vicem praefectorum praetorio). Noch 329 ist er Adressat von Gesetzen (Cod. Theod. 9,21,4; 13,5,4); da eine so lange Amtszeit als vicarius ungewöhnlich wäre, ist anzunehmen, daß er inzwischen ein höheres Amt innehatte, vielleicht praefectus praetorio Italiae war. PLRE 1, 413 (H. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] Claudius H. praefectus praetorio Orientis 360-361 n. Chr. Paphlagon…

[English version] [1] Zweite Frau des Kaisers Gratianus [2] seit 383 n. Chr. Zweite Frau des Kaisers Gratianus [2] seit 383 n.Chr. Nach dessen kurz darauf erfolgten Tod lebte L. als Witwe in Rom, wo sie während der Belagerung durch Alaricus [2] 409 mit eigenen Mitteln half, die Hungersnot zu lindern (Zos. 5,39,4). PLRE 1,492 (L. 1). Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] Clarissima femina, Adressatin von epist. 107 des Hieronymus Clarissima femina, Tochter eines Albinus, Frau des Toxotius, Schwiegertochter der älteren Paula, Schwägerin der…

[English version] Christ, Sohn des Maurenkönigs Nubel; unterstützte 374 n.Chr. die Usurpation seines Bruders Firmus [3] gegen Valentinianus I., die aber scheiterte. 397 floh er vor seinem anderen Bruder Gildo, der versucht hatte, ihn umzubringen, und seine Söhne töten ließ, nach Italien. 398 kämpfte er im Auftrag Stilichos gegen Gildo und gewann (angeblich durch ein Wunder) trotz zahlenmäßiger Unterlegenheit. Bald danach soll er von Stilicho ertränkt worden sein. PLRE 1, 566. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)

[English version] In der Spätant. zusammenfassende Bezeichnung für die Prov.-Statthalter, die mit dem Clarissimat ( vir clarissimus ) versehen waren (Cod. Theod. 1,10,8 u.ö.), ähnlich rector, iudex. Von Iustinianus wurde 535 n. Chr der m. erstmals als wirklicher Amtstitel für Statthalter bestimmter Prov. im Rang eines spectabilis (Hoftitel) verwendet ( m. Iustinianus Helenoponti, Nov. 28, Phoniciae ad Libanum, Edict. 4, Arabiae, Nov. 102); dieser hatte Zivil- und Militärgewalt. Gelegentlich findet man m. auch als Titel nichtstatthalterlicher Beamter und sogar des K…

[English version] Geb. um 327 n.Chr., Schwester von Basileios [1] d.Gr., Petros von Sebaste und Gregorios [2] von Nyssa. Tochter des Rhetors Basileios und der Emmelia, Enkelin der älteren M. (ca. 270-ca. 340). M. lebte nach dem Tod ihres Bräutigams auf einem Familienbesitz am Iris in Pontos ein asketisches Leben; gest. um 380. Ihr Bruder Gregorios schrieb eine Biographie M.s ( Vita M. iunioris; Greg. Nyss. opera ascetica 8,1, p. 370-414) und ließ sie in seinem Werk De anima et resurrectione (PG 46, 12-160) als Lehrmeisterin seine theolog. Fragen beantworten. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten…