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, Algerian Order ( ṭarīḳa) called after Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Gus̲h̲tulī al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲urī al-Azharī Abū Ḳabrain, who died 1208 (1793—1794). It is a branch of the Ḵh̲alwatīya and is said to have at one time been called Bakrīya after Muṣṭafā al-Bakrī al-S̲h̲āmī. At Nefta, in Tunisia, and some other places it is called ʿAzzūzīya after Muṣṭafā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAzzūz. Life of the Founder. His family belonged to the tribe Ait Smāʿīl, part of the confederation Gas̲h̲tula in the Ḳābilīya Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ura; having studied at his home, and then in Algiers, he mad…

, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Buk̲h̲ārī (717—791 = 1317—1389), founder of the Naḳs̲h̲bandī Order. His name, which signifies “painter” is interpreted as “drawing incomparable pictures of the Divine Science” (J. P. Brown, The Darvishes, 2nd ed., p. 142) or more mystically as “holding the form of real perfection in the heart” ( Miftāḥ al-Maʿīya quoted by Ahlwardt, Berlin Catalogue, N°. 2188). The title al-S̲h̲āh which is given him in a dirge cited in the Ras̲h̲aḥāt means “spiritual leader”. The nisba al-Uwaisī implies that his system resembled that of Uwais al-Ḳaranī. His Acta we…

(sometimes Ibn al-Ḥarīrī in Yāḳūt), Abū Muḥammad al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. al-Ḥarīrī al-Baṣrī , Arabic poet and philologist known principally for his Maḳāmāt . Born in 446/1054, probably to a landed family living at al-Mas̲h̲ān, near Baṣra, where he spent his childhood, he commenced his studies at Baṣra; his biographers agree that he studied under al-Faḍl b. Muḥammad al-Ḳaṣabānī, but the latter is said to have died in 444/1052 (see Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ , xvi, 218; al-Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya , 373; al-Ṣafadī, Nakt , 227), so that there is a discrepancy …

, abu ’l-ḥasan (or abu ’l-ḳāsim ) ʿalī b. ḥasan b. ʿalī b. abi ’l-ṭayyib , Arab poet and anthologist, a native of Bāk̲h̲arz. After receiving a good education in his father’s house, he studied in particular S̲h̲āfiʿī fiḳh and, at Nīsābūr, attended the lectures of al-D̲j̲uwaynī (ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf [ q.v.], where he made the acquaintance of al-Kundurī [ q.v.]; the latter, when he became wazīr , took him to Bag̲h̲dād as a secretary; previously, he had for some time been an official at Baṣra. Subsequently, he was admitted to the chancellery, an…

, order of derwishes called after S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Abu ’l-T̲h̲anāʾ Aḥmad b. Abi ’l-Barakāt Muḥammad Sīwāsī or Sīwāsī-zāde, also called Ḳara S̲h̲ams al-Dīn and S̲h̲amsī (d. 1009 = 1600—1601). He is mentioned by the historians Naʿīmā (Constantinople 1281, i. 372) and Pečewī (Constantinople 1283, ii. 290) among the saints of the reign of Muḥammad III, and they state (probably on the authority of this sovereign, whose letter is cited by von Hammer, Geschichte der osmanischen Dichtkunst, iii. 286) that he fought at the taking of Erlau (1005 = 1596). He was the author of numer…

(born 446, died 6 Red̲j̲eb 516), Abū Muḥammad al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥarīrī, grammarian and elegant writer, was born and brought up at Mas̲h̲ān near Baṣra; he also studied at Baṣra, though the name of his teacher seems wrongly given by the authorities as al-Faḍl b. Muḥammad al-Ḳaṣabānī, since this personage died 444. At Baṣra he held the office of ṣāḥib al-k̲h̲abar, i. e. head of the intelligence department (cf. Ṭabarī iii. 1260, 13) to the court; and this office remained with his descendants till the time of ʿImād al-Dīn Iṣfahānī, who visited B…

, name of a sect reckoned among the S̲h̲īʿite extremists ( g̲h̲ulāt), called after Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭab Muḥammad b. Abī Zainab al-Asadī al-Ad̲j̲daʿ, who is said to have asserted the immanence ( ḥulūl) of the deity in the Imām Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ (83—148 = 702—765) and afterwards in himself. He obtained a following in al-Kūfa, where he was attacked by ʿĪsā b. Mūsā, who was governor for some years till 147 = 764/765; he armed his followers with stones, reeds and knives, assuring them that these would prevail against the enemy’s swords…

, Order ( ṭarīḳa) of dervishes called after ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Ḏj̲īlānī [q. v.]. 1. Origin. ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (ob. 561 = 1166) was the principal of a school ( madrasa) of Ḥanbalite Law and a ribāṭ in Bag̲h̲dād. His sermons (collected in al-Fatḥ al-Rabbānī) were delivered sometimes in the one, sometimes in the other; both were notable institutions in the time of Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, and Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād al-Arīb, v. 274) records a bequest of books made to the former by a man who died in 572 (1176-7). Both appear to have come to an end at the sack of Bag̲h̲dād in 656 (1258),…

C. Arabia under Islām. Both internal and external causes have since the last date (1876) worked changes in the peninsula, the geography of which has been markedly advanced by a number of intrepid explorers, especially St. John Philby, R. E. Cheeseman, Bertram Thomas, D. Van der Meulen and H. Von Wissmann. The regions traversed by the last three of these, the “Empty Quarter” and the independent sulṭānates of Ḥaḍramawt, have indeed been little affected; though even in the latter the motor-car is showi…

(the forms Tid̲j̲d̲j̲ānī, Tid̲j̲īnī occur also), order founded by Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Muk̲h̲tār b. Sālim al-Tid̲j̲d̲j̲ānī (1150—1230 = 1737—1815). 1. Life of the Founder. This person was born at ʿAin Māḍī, a village 72 kil. W. of Lag̲h̲uat, 28 E. of Tahmut. His family were the Awlād Sīdī S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Muḥammad, and his parents both died of plague in 1166 (1753). After pursuing his studies at his native place, he went to Fez in 1171 (1758) to continue them, thence to Abyad, where he stayed five years, t…

ʿAlī b. Muḥammed b. al-ʿAbbās al-Tawḥīdī (so called either after an ancestor who sold a sort of date called tawḥīd, ¶ or in the sense ,upholder of pure monotheismʿ), jurist, philosopher, Ṣūfī, and compiler of miscellanies, lived in the fourth (10th) century. Little was preserved of his biography, but from documents quoted by Yāḳūt it appears that he was alive in Rad̲j̲ab 400 (Feb. 1010), and that he died at the age of more than eighty. His home was placed by different authorities at Nīs̲h̲āpūr, S̲h̲īrāz, or Wā siṭ. Much of his life wa…

Ḥabīb b. Aws, poet and anthologist, born in 180 or 188 (796 or 804), and his birth-place is said to have been Ḏj̲āsim, a village near Damascus in the direction of Tiberias, died in 228 or 231 (842-843 or 845-846). His father was a Christian named T̲h̲ādūs (Theodosius?), for which name the son, when he became a Muslim, substituted the Arabic Aws, to which he attached a pedigree in the tribe of Ṭaiyʾ, whence he is often called simply the Ṭaiyʾite. Some of his early life was, it is said, spent in Dam…

, a branch of the Ḵh̲alwatī Order, named after Sunbul Sinān al-Dīn Yūsuf, whose birth-place is variously given as Bolou and Marsuan. His death-date is given in the Ḳāmūs al-ʿAlām as 936 (1529/1530); according however to al-S̲h̲aḳāʾiḳ al-Nuʿmānīya (transl. Rescher, 1927, p. 224, 225) he died before 929 (1522/1523); and this author, who was a contemporary, mentions him among the S̲h̲aik̲h̲s of the reign of Bāyazīd II (died 918= 1512), wherein he is followed by the author of the Tād̲j̲ al-Tawarīk̲h̲ (Constantinople 1279, ii. 595), who is half a century later. On the other hand…

al-Ḏj̲īlī (Gīlānī) Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū Muḥammed b. Abī Ṣāliḥ Zengi Dōst, preacher and Ṣūfī, after whom the Ḳādirī order is named, born in 470 (1077-1078), died in 561 (1166). The numerous biographies of this personage teem with fictions, out of which some history may be gleaned. Thus his pedigree is traced on the father’s side to al-Ḥasan, grandson of the Prophet, in the direct line. But this is contradicted by the foreign name of his father, and the fact that the s̲h̲aik̲h̲ was called ʿAd̲j̲amī (foreigner) …

Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, poet of the Būyid period. He belonged to a family which was engaged in the public service, and was himself trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ in secretarial work. He found however that he could earn more by verse, and became an encomiast of the most important among his contemporaries, especially ʿIzz al-Dawla Bak̲h̲tiyār, who appointed him to the office of muḥtasib or censor in Bag̲h̲dād; a most unsuitable appointment, since this poet specialized in obscenity, and indeed against one of the headings in the Paris abridgment of his Dī…

, a title of the head of the Mawlawl Order [see mawlawīya]. The second word is the Turkish form of the Persian k̲h̲udāwandg i ār, the equivalent of mawlā, which according to Aflākī ( Saints des Derviches Tourneurs, i. 59) was bestowed on Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn by his father. Sāmī in his Turkish Lexicon states that the word, besides being used for “Sulṭān”, “King”, is applied to certain saintly personages, in such combinations as pīr hunk i ār or mullā hunk i ār. The underlying idea of such a title is probably that the saint has had committed to him the government of the world, if he…

, a sect whose name is derived by Samʿānī from the Persian word k̲h̲urram “agreeable”, on the ground that they regarded everything that was agreeable as lawful; but it is more likely to be derived from Ḵh̲urram, a district of Ardabīl, where the sect may have arisen. According to Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, vi. 186, they came into prominence after the execution of Abū Muslim of Ḵh̲orāsān in 136 a. h., but while some of them denied that he was dead and foretold his return “to spread justice in the world”, others maintained the Imamate of his daughter Fāṭima, whence they got the names Muslimīya and Fāṭimīya. …

, Abū ʿUbāda al-Walīd b. ʿUbaid, Arabic poet and anthologist of the third century (204—284 approximately). His nisba signifies member of the Buḥtur clan of the tribe Ṭaiʾ, whose glories he frequently celebrates. His birthplace was Manbid̲j̲ (or, according to one account a village near Manbid̲j̲ called Zardafna), ¶ and of Manbid̲j̲ he often speaks as his home; here he ultimately acquired property, which seems to have been inherited by his son T̲h̲ābit, who was living there in Iṣṭak̲h̲rī’s trnre. The woman who forms the subject of his erotic pr…

, Ibrāhīm b. Abi ’l-Mad̲j̲d ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (or ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd) (633—676 = 1235-1236—1277-1278), native of Dusūḳ, a village of Lower Egypt in the G̲h̲arbīya District; founder of the Dusūḳī Order. According to the commentator on his Ḥizb (Ḥasan S̲h̲amma, Masarrat al-Ainain bi-S̲h̲arḥ Ḥizb Abi ’l-ʿAinain, Cairo n.d.), his father came from a village Mrḳs (Marcus?) on the opposite bank of the Nile, and was himself ¶ a walī; his mother was daughter of another walī Abu ’l-Fatḥ al-Wāsiṭī. He is said to have studied S̲h̲āfiʿī jurisprudence before he followed the Ṣūfīs, to hav…

, religious sect or order called after Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, called Nūrbak̲h̲s̲h̲ (795—869 a. h.). 1. Life of the founder. Of this person there is a detailed biography in the work Mad̲j̲ālis al-Muʾminīn of Nūr Allāh al-S̲h̲ustarī (Bodleian MS., Ous. 366; see also Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Persian MSS.), chiefly based on a work ( tad̲h̲kira) by Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Samarḳandī. His father was born in Ḳaṭīf, and his grandfather in al-Ḥass, whence in some g̲h̲azals he styles himself Laḥsawī. His father migrated to Ḳāʾin in Ḳuhistān, where his son was born. The …