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Nasium

(249 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] City of the Leuci in Gallia Belgica (It. Ant. 365,3; Tab. Peut. 2,5; Νάσιον/ Násion, Ptol. 2,9,13) between the rivers Mosella and Matrona [2] in the region of the present-day communities of Naix-aux-Forge and Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain. The Gallo-Roman city, located in the Ornain valley, succeeded a Celtic oppidum (52 ha) situated on the neighbouring hill of Boviolles. N. is located on the military road leading from Durocortorum to Tullum and Divodurum (Tab. Peut. l.c.; It. Ant. l.c.), but its importance in transportation is prim…

Dubis

(40 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] River in Gallia, modern Doubs, rises in the French Jura, crosses the territory of the Sequani and flows into the  Arar at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs (Caes. B Gall. 1,38; Str. 4,1,11; 14; 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,10,3). Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Triboci

(256 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] People in Lower Alsace, who arrived in Gaul with Ariovistus in 58 BC and settled among the Mediomatrici around Brocomagus (modern Brumath) and Haguenau [1]. Their neighbours to the north were the Nemetes, to the west the Mediomatrici, to the south or southwest the Rauraci and the Leuci. When the T. became settled is unclear. The depictions in Caes. B Gall. 4,10 and  Str. 4,3,4 (Τρίβοκχοι/ Tríbokchoi) probably correspond only to circumstances around the middle of the 1st cent. BC ([2. 27-30]; later: [3]). In AD 70 the T. took part in the Treveri …

Vertunum

(374 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Roman vicus, name only mediaeval, in the western part of the civitas Treverorum (Belgium, province of Luxemburg, Treveri), at the point where the Rivers Ton and Vire meet. V. developed as a centre on the right bank of the Ton, which gradually rises to a height of 20 m (modern Vieux-Virton) and ultimately merges into the Majeroux plateau; also on the left side in the narrow floor of the Vire valley, where a trade quarter (modern Saint-Mard) developed. V. lay on an old, presumably pre-Roman, ro…

Campi Catalauni

(138 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Settlement area of the  Catalauni in modern Champagne, repeatedly the scene of significant battles, thus in AD 273 the victory of emperor Aurelianus over the Gallic usurper  Esuvius Tatricus (SHA Aurelian. 23,3; Eutr. 9,13; Jer. Chron. AD 273), and in AD 366 the victory of general Iovinus over a Germanic army (Amm. Marc. 27,2,4). The Campi Catalauni attained particular fame with the battle of Châlon of 451, when, under Avitus' leadership, a coalition between Rome and the Visigoths…

Helellum

(170 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Tab. Peut. 3,4; Alaia, Geogr. Rav. 26). Roman vicus of the Triboci in Upper Alsace (not identical to  Helvetum) on the Argentovaria-Argentoratum route at the crossing of the Ill near modern Ehl-Benfeld, Département Bas-Rhin [1]; a late La Tène period settlement was followed in the late Augustan period by the Gallo-Roman vicus that ultimately developed c. 100 m on both sides of the main road over a length of c. 1,000 m. A necropolis (3rd/4th cents. AD) is located south of H. Despite the minor artisan businesses, H. was primarily a trading centre. The vicus, which was also …

Suessiones

(164 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Οὐέσσονες/ Ouéssones, Ptol. 2,9,11). People in Gallia Belgica in the particularly fertile modern Soissonais (departement of Aisne/Oise). With the Remi to the east, the S. formed a cultural identity, linked by the same law, the same magistrates and a unified commander-in-chief (Caes. B Gall. 2,3,4 f.). In about 80 BC, Diviciacus [1] gained supremacy as far as the southeast of Britain. When Caesar invaded in 58/7 BC, the state unity of the S. and the pro-Roman Remi disintegrated. Th…

Saletio

(377 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Small town between the Seltzbach and the Sauer, at the mouth of these two rivers as they flow into the Rhine (today one of the Rhine arms), present-day Sel(t)z (Département Bas-Rhin southeast of Wissembourg). S. was situated on the border of the civitates of the Triboci and the Nemetes and was classified as belonging to them at least in late antiquity. The roads Mogontiacum-Argentorate and Saravus-Vosegus-Agri Decumates crossed here (It. Ant. 354,6; Tab. Peut. 3,3). There are traces of settlements dating to the Bronze Age; a Celtic oppidum from the pre-Roman era is …

Divodurum

(311 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Limes | Batavian Revolt The chief town of the Gallo-Roman civitas of the Mediomatrici, now Metz, on a long ridge between the Moselle and the Seille before their confluence (Ptol. 2,9,7). A Hallstatt oppidum destroyed in the 6th cent. BC was succeeded by a La Tène age camp taken in the war against Caesar. When the Augustan settlement fell victim to a conflagration under Tiberius, the new town was given a typical Roman ‘grid pattern’, whose main coordinates were formed by the roads between Lyons and Trier (  cardo

Tullum

(184 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Τούλλιον/ Toúllion). Civitas capital of the Leuci in Gallia Belgica on the left bank of the Moselle River (Mosella) on an elevation surrounded by branches of the Ingressin brook, before its confluence with the Moselle; modern Toul ( département of Meurthe et Moselle). An important hub for water and land routes (It. Ant. 365,4; 385,10; AE 1975, 634). Despite good geographical conditions for transport, T. was overshadowed by other cities and civitas capitals. Only in the 5th cent. was it of particular significance (Notitia Galliarum 5,4; Geogr. Rav 4,26). Apart from the c…

Nervii

(566 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A people in Gallia Belgica; their territory encompassed parts of the modern Belgian provinces of Hainault, Brabant and East Flanders and the French Département Nord. The northwestern and western border with the Menapii and Atrebates [1] followed the Scaldis (Scheldt) from its estuary to its source; the southern border with the Remi ran from there in a direct line, probably identical with the contour of the Thiérache forest, to the source of the Isara [2]. The eastern border with t…

Sequani

(512 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Σηκοανοί/ Sēkoanoí, Σηκουανοί/ Sēkouanoí). A Celtic people, ethnically and culturally related to the north and east Gallic tribes, who in the Prehistoric Period presumably lived on the Sequana [1] (Seine) first, later in present-day Franche-Comté. In the mid 1st cent. BC, the rule of king Catamantaloedes was succeeded by an aristocratic regime (Caes. B Gall. 1,3,4). The S. called the Germani into their country against the Haedui and were forced to cede to them large parts of their t…

Pleumoxii

(56 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] People of Gallia Belgica, mentioned only in Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1 in the context of the events of the winter of 54/3 BC, who were in a relationship of dependence on their immediate neighbours the Nervii. Their homelands were probably in Brabant or in the Belgian province of Namur. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Remi

(774 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Tribe in Gallia Belgica that settled in the Aisne, Vesle and Suippe valleys, with a heavy concentration in the middle Aisne valley, i.e. in the present-day départements of Marne and Ardennes, and in parts of Aisne and Meuse [1. 127 f.]. Encircled by forests, the territory of the R. nowhere bordered on neighbouring tribes. When the R. had become settled in this region, they drifted so far from their original 'nomadic mind-set' that they identified their concept of the boundless world around them now with th…

Gesoriacum

(523 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Batavian Revolt Harbour city of the Morini in Gallia Belgica, modern Boulogne-sur-mer, also attested as Bononia. Both names, which were used contemporaneously (Flor. Epit. 2,30), actually refer only to parts of the site. According to the traditional view, G. is the lower part of the city, while Bononia is the upper part (contrary [1. 63]). During his stay in AD 4, Tiberius called the place Bononia (ILS 9463); thereafter, unt…

Samarobriva

(526 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul Principal town of the civitas of the Ambiani, Late Antique Ambianis, modern Amiens (Dépt. Somme) at a crossing ( -briva) over the Samara (Caes. B Gall. 5,24,1; 47,2; 53,3; Cic. Fam. 7,11,2; 12,1,16; Tab. Peut. 2,3; CIL XIII 3490; Notae Tironianae 73 Zangenmeister; Honorius, Cosmographia 36 B1 Riese; in Ptol. 2,9,4 alternatively: Σαμαρόβριγα/ Samaróbriga; ILS 5839; It. Ant. 379,9 f.; 380,1: Samarabriva). No evidence of a preceding Celtic settlement has been found [1]. Its geographical charact…

Toxandria

(103 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Region (Amm. Marc. 17,8,3) in the modern provinces of Noord-Brabant, Antwerpen and Limburg, in the Middle Ages the earldom of Teisterbant. The population (Texuandri: Plin. HN 4,106; ILS 2556; CIL III, 6239; 14214) consisted of different groups, among them Germanic peoples which gathered in the former settlement area of the Eburones. The Salii [1], who settled in T. in Late Antiquity, were defeated in AD 358 by Iulianus [11], but may have remained in the country and made T. the starting point for their expansion in the 4th and 5th cents. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliograp…

Arduenna

(55 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Wooded mountains in  Gallia; exact location and extent unclear even in antiquity (Str. 4,3,5; Tac. Ann. 3,42). They centred on the modern Eifel and Ardennes, but evidently extended to the north-west over the hills of Artois to the territory of the  Atrebates and  Morini on the English Channel. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Tungri

(471 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Τοῦγγροι/ Toûngroi). A tribe in Gallia Belgica (It. Ant. 358,15; Ptol. 2,9,9) that had not yet appeared at the time of Caesar's capture of Gallia. At the time, the Germani [2] Cisrhenani were settling between the Scaldis (Schelde) and the Rhenus [2] (Rhine) under the hegemony of the Eburones. After the defeat inflicted upon the latter by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 6,5; 6,29-34; 8,24 f.), the entire political structure of the Germani Cisrhenani was dissolved in accordance with Roman policy. In the Augustan Period, the civitas of the T. was founded in the western area …

Scaldis Pons

(48 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Roman station on the Turnacum-Bagacum road at a bridge over the river Scaldis, which formed the boundary between the Menapii and the Nervii (It. Ant. 376,8; Tab. Peut. 2,3). Cf. the modern place name Escau(t)pont (in the département du Nord). Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Mediomatrici

(467 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Tribe in Gallia Belgica; capital of their civitas was Divodurum (modern Metz). Their territory in modern Lorraine comprised the upper basins of the rivers Maas, Moselle and Saar (Str. 4,3,4; Ptol. 2,9,7), and originally extended eastwards as far as the Rhine (Caes. B Gall. 4,10,3; Str. l.c.). It is unlikely they participated in the Gallic War ( Caesar). In 52 BC they sent 5000 men to support Vercingetorix who was besieged in Alesia (Caes. B Gall. 7,75,3); they had to cede their territori…

Sambra

(132 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] [1] River in Gallia Belgica River in Gallia Belgica, mentioned in ancient saints' legends (e.g., MGH Scriptorum rerum Merovingiorum 5,634,12; 5,643,12; details in [1. 1338]), modern Sambre, rising on the western edge of the Ardennes and flowing into the Mosa [1] (Meuse/Maas) near Namur. Identification with the Sabis [1] (Caes. B Gall. 2,16,1; 2,18) is uncertain. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 Holder. [German version] [2] Modern Somme Besides the modern Sambre (= S. [1]), the Samara was also called the S.  (cf. Not. Dign. Occ. 38,8). T…

Viromandui

(555 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A people of Gallia Belgica, Northern France, settled in the region of Picardie on the so-called 'sill of Vermandois', on the upper courses of the Samara (the modern Somme) and Isar(a) [2] (the modern Oise; Liv. Per. 104; Plin. HN 106; Ptol. 2,9,11; Oros. 6,7). In part surrounded by dense forests, the V. had as neighbours to the north and north-east the Nervii and Atrebates [1], to the west the Ambiani and Bellovaci, and to the south the Suessiones. During Caesar’s Gallic War, they…

Samara

(101 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] River in Picardy (France), modern Somme, rises north-east of St. Quentin and flows into the mare Britannicum (English Channel) at Abbeville. The form S. itself is not attested but reconstructed from the name of the city Samarobriva. Other forms of the name: Sambra (Not. Dign. Occ. 38,8: classis Sambrica), Somena (Ven. Fort. 7,4,15), Sumena (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,9), Sumina, Sumna, Summana ( cf. [1. 1335 f.]). In Not. Dign. Occ. loc. cit., the modern Somme is referred to as Sambra [2]; in Ptol. 2,9,2, the river is called Φροῦδις/ Phroûdis. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliog…

Nemetacum

(436 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Main site of the Atrebates, modern Arras (Dép. Pas de Calais), on a summit at the confluence of the Scarpe and the Crinchon; swamps in the south and east and a steep drop to the north gave it natural protection. N. is probably identical with Nemetocenna, Antonius' [I 9] camp, which acted as Caesar's winter quarters in 51/0 BC (Caes. B Gall. 8,46,6; 52,1 [Hirtius]). There is evidence of a pre-urban La Tène period settlement and there was an Atrebatic oppidum (42 ha.) 5 km away near Etrun at the confluence of the Scarpe and the Gy. N. was an Augustan foundation…

Helvetum

(195 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (It. Ant. 252; 350; Ἔλκηβος; Élkēbos, Ptol. 2,9,18). Previously often equated with  Helellum (Tab. Peut. 3,4) or Alaea (Geogr. Rav. 26) and already confused with this in It. Ant. 354, but its location should not be pinpointed as near Ehl in the Alsace but as being on the right bank of the Rhine on the Mons Brisiacus-Argentoratus route near modern Riegel, district of Emmendingen [1]. Forts from the Claudian and Vespasian periods, which as a continuation of the series of forts on the Upper Danube secured the link with the Rhine. After the conquest of the   Decumates agri

Grand

(338 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Far from any significant roads on the inhospitable high plateau between Marne and Maas (Mosa) (Dept. Vosges), G. owed its existence to a forest sanctuary of the Leuci of interregional importance. After the Roman conquest, the healing god  Grannus, who had been absorbed by the Apollo cult (Claudius Marius Victor, Alethia 3,204-209), gave his name to the new vicus (AE 1937, 55). Laid out orthogonally, G. was enclosed by a circular pomerium (‘sacred city boundary’), today voie close; inside, there is an 18-ha. precinct surrounded by an irregular, six-sided en…

Sapaudia

(147 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Territory in Gallia ripariensis. The earliest evidence (Amm. Marc. 15,11,17) is corrupt and cannot be used to support localisation in modern Savoy. Further evidence: Not. Dign. Occ. 42,15 ( praefectus barbaricorum Ebruduni, modern Yverdon-les-Bains on Lake Neuchâtel, Sapaudiae) and 42,179 ( tribunus cohortis Flaviae Sapaudi[ c] ae Calarone). In AD 443, the Burgundiones escaping from their annihilation at the hands of the Hunni were settled here by Aetius [2] (Chron. min. 1, 660,128). Ground studies suggest that S. was in the Swiss highlands north of lacus Lemanus

Geidumni

(34 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A people of Gallia Belgica mentioned only in Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1 as being subject to the Nervii. Their home in Flanders cannot be located with certainty. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Caesaromagus

(177 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Civitas, main centre of the  Bellovaci on a loop of the river Thérain, modern Beauvais (Oise). There is no archaeological evidence of a preceding Celtic settlement in this location ( Bratuspantium), nor for the assumption -- derived from the name C. -- that it was founded by either Caesar or Augustus. The beginnings of Gallo-Roman urbanism probably lay in the early 1st cent. AD, more significant traces of building structures point to the …

Eburones

(234 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] People in Gallia Belgica, the most important one amongst the Germani Cisrhenani (Caes. B Gall. 2,4); they were clients of the Treveri in the south; in between the two were the lands of the Germanic  Condrusi and Segni (Caes. B Gall. 4,6; 6,32). In the north, the E. shared a border with the coastal people of the Menapii (Caes. B Gall. 6,5). The core of their areas of settlement between Maas and Rhine (Caes. B Gall. 5,24) comprised the northern Ardennes, the Eiffel and the plains ex…

Belginum

(110 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Vicus near Wederath (Bernkastel-Wittlich district) on the Roman road Augusta Treverorum--Mogontiacum (Tab. Peut.; CIL XIII 7555a). The burial ground belonging to it shows continuous use from the 4th cent. BC to the 4th cent. AD. The beginnings of the vicus, however, did not occur until the 1st cent. AD. A preliminary settlement of Latène or early Roman times could not yet be documented. After the turmoil of AD 275/6, B. remained inhabited until the 4th cent. due to its location and its significance for traffic. Schön, Fran…

Morini

(575 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Celtic for ‘sea people’). A people in Gallia Belgica in the modern Pas de Calais, whose territory in the north and west stretched to the sea. Their northeastern border with the neighbouring Menapii followed the Aa upstream to east of Saint Omer, southwards to meet the Leie, and a little upstream along this, where at Merville it met the one-time territory of the Atrebates [1]. From here it probably reached the old boundary of the bishopric of Arras in a southern direction to the s…

Treveri

(1,654 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] I. Geography A tribe living in Gallia Belgica between the Meuse in the west and the Middle Rhine in the east, their territory bordered in the north by the Ardennes, the Luxembourg Eisling and the Middle Eifel; the southern boundary ran along the southern edge of Belgian Lorraine and Luxembourg, through the north of the Saarland and along the Nahe. Between the mountainous, densely wooded and rather settlement-hostile border areas in both north and south (Hunsrück) lay fertile hilly terrain, river valleys and bays with ideal conditions for settlement. Schön, Franz (Rege…

Sabis

(253 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] [1] River in northern Gaul River in northern Gaul (Caes. B Gall. 2,16,1; 2,18), where in 57 BC Caesar fought against the Nervii and their allies, the Atrebates [1] and Viromandui ( ibid. 2,16-27), on his way from Samarobriva. The river's identification and location are contested. Older scholarship identified the S. with the Sambra [1] (modern Sambre), suggesting that the battle took place 6 km outside of Maubeuge near Hautmont-Boussières [1; 2]. Recently these claims have been countered by topological, historica…

Belgica

(390 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Originally, B. is the settlement area of the  Belgae (Caes. B Gall. 2,4) as designated by Caesar in his division of Gallia into three parts (Caes. B Gall. 1,1). It was governed uniformly until Augustus established the imperial province of B. in 16/13 BC in the course of reorganizing the Tres Galliae. Based on records by Plin. HN 4,105 and Ptol. 2,9 about the tribes of B., the boundaries of the province can be approximately determined, but they differ strongly from Caesar's division. The boundary in the north was formed by the Nort…

Orolaunum

(271 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Present-day Arlon-Arel (Belgium, province of Luxembourg), vicus of the civitas of the Treveri, probably the main town of one of their pagi . It was built by the sources of the Semois at the crossing point of the important major roads from Durocortorum to Augusta [6] Treverorum (Itin. Anton. 366,2; [1]) and from Divodurum to Aduatuca. In view of the threat from barbarians the settlement was transferred to the northern hill town (present-day St. Donat) at the end of the 3rd/beginning o…

Levaci

(52 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] In Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1 a people of Gallia Belgica - mentioned in the context of the events of the winter of 54/53 BC - who were immediate neighbours of the Nervii, with whom they had a relationship of dependence; cannot be localized more precisely. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Bagacum

(319 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Limes Modern Bavai, capital ( civitas) of the  Nervii, in the French Département Nord not far off the Belgian border. The Celtic place name as well as some scanty finds from the Latène period hint at the possibility that a modest pre-Roman settlement existed. However, B. is a Roman foundation, and has to be seen in the context of Agrippa's road building programme for the reorganization of Gaul (20/19 BC). At this junction of the links with Durocort…

Leuci

(159 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] People in Gallia Belgica between Matrona and Mosella, north-west of the Sequani, south-west of the Mediomatrici; their territory extended in the east and the south-east up to the Vosges (Caes. B Gall. 2,14; Tac. Hist. 1,64; Ptol. 2,9,13; Plin. HN 4,106; Luc. 1,242); civitas/capital was Tullum. A spring and healing cult has been attested with the L. - either in the form of Apollo worship (Graux, Malaincourt) or the Celtic Apollo Grannus (Tullum, Nasium, Grand) [1] or a nameless deity (Laneuveville) [2]. According to Claudi…

Vosegus

(335 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] The uplands which extend over some 200 km in eastern France (Caes. B Gall. 4,10; Luc. 1,397; Plin. HN 16,197; Vibius Sequester 145,16 Riese; Vosagus: Tab. Peut. 3,2-4; Ven. Fort. 7,4; Greg. Tur. Franc. 10,10), modern Vosges Mountains, form in the east the western edge of the Upper Rhine lowlands and in the west cross into the Lorraine plateau and the Monts Faucilles, in the north continue in the Palatinate Forest and in the south descend towards the Burgundy Gate. The V. is considered to be the boundary…

Turnacum

(393 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Modern Tournai/Doornik in the Belgian province of Hainault. Gallo-Roman vicus on both banks of the Scaldis (Scheldt) in the border region between the Menapii and Nervii, a node on the route from Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-mer) to Bagacum (modern Bavai: Tab. Peut. 2,3;  It. Ant. 367,7), from which roads lead to Castellum (modern Cassel; It. Ant. 377,5) and Tervanna (ibid. 378,11). There is evidence of traces of settlement as early as the Iron Age, the Gallo-Roman presence i…

Sequana

(426 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Σηκοάνας/ Sēkoánas, Σηκουανός/ Sēkouanós), modern Seine. River in Gallia (Caes. B Gall. 1,1,2; Mela 3,2,20; Plin. HN 4,105; 109; Amm. Marc. 15,11,3; Str. 4,1,14; 3,2-5; 4,1; 5,2; Ptol. 2,8,2; 9,1; Cass. Dio 40,38,4) rising - contrary to Str. 4,3,2 - not in the Alps but on the plateau of Langres, then flowing through the Paris Basin and, meandering strongly from Iuliobona (present-day Lillebonne) and broadening into an estuary, arriving at the mare Britannicum (present-day English Channel). According to literary tradition, the S. formed an ethnic bord…

Virodunum

(233 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Roman vicus in Gallia Belgica in the territory of the Mediomatrici (It. Ant. 364,3; Not. Dign. Occ. 42,68; Not. Galliarum 5,4: Verodunum; various forms of the name in Greg. Tur. Franc. passim) on a spur between the Mosa [1] (Meuse) and its tributary, modern Scanne, at a crossing of the Durocortorum-Divodurum road with regional roads, modern Verdun in the département of Meuse. A Celtic oppidum cannot archaeologically be ascertained, the Imperial period topography is largely unknown ( macellum in Rue de Mazel?); already by the middle of th…

Ambiani

(108 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Coastal people in  Gallia Belgica in modern Picardy, main town was  Samarobriva; participated in the Gallic coalitions against  Caesar of 57 and 52 BC, were finally subjugated in 51 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,4,9; 7,75,1-3; 8,7,3-4). Their settlement areas between the  Bellovaci in the south and  Morini in the north (Ptol. 2,9,4) encompassed the Somme basin, bordered in the north by the Canche, in the north-east and south-east by the Somme watershed; the Catuslougi [1] documented on the southern border, the Bresle valley, were considered as   pagus of the A. Schön, Franz (Rege…

Bratuspantium

(63 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Oppidum of the  Bellovaci, mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 2,13, localization uncertain. It is a matter of dispute whether it was a settlement on the same location as -- and preceding -- the capital of the civitas  Caesaromagus, or whether is was a Celtic settlement in a completely different location (Bailleul sur Thérain, Breteuil sur Noye). Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Argentorate

(155 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Limes | Raeti, Raetia Modern Strasbourg, epigraphically first mentioned at the time of Vespasian (CIL XIII 9082). A smaller military installation from the Augustan period was replaced by a legionary fortress following  Varus' defeat in AD 9, where the   legio II was garrisoned until  Claudius' invasion of Britain in AD 43. After use by detachments from other units, recent archaeological research points to A.'s use once again as a permanent garri…

Tervanna

(105 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Civitas, capital of the Morini (Tab. Peut. 2,2;  It. Ant. 376; 378 f.: Tarvenna; Ptol. 2,9,8: Ταρουάννα/ Tarouánna), which developed at a ford across the Leie/Lys from a river island to the northern bank. Archaeological finds remain lacking, since the vieille ville was razed in 1553 at the behest of Charles V; the modern town of Thérouanne (in the département of Pas-de-Calais) is farther to the south. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography R. Delmaire, Notes sur l'évolution urbaine de Thérouanne, in: Rev. archéologique de Picardie 1984, 223-228  Id. et al., Le Pa…

Mosa

(431 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] [1] River, present-day R. Maas River, modern name Maas, which rises in Germania superior in the land of the Lingones, on the plateau of Langres (differently Caes. B Gall. 4,10,1: in the Vosges), then flows northwards through Belgica, cuts through the Ardennes shortly before Germania inferior and arrives at the Mare Germanicum in the land of the Batavi. The apparently contradictory information from classical authors, as to whether the M. flowed directly into the sea (Plin. HN. 4,100f.; Ptol. 2,9,3) or via the left arm of the Rhine, the Waal, (Caes. B Gall. 4,10,1: Vacalus; …

Beda

(111 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Today's Bitburg, vicus located on a naturally elevated site along the Roman road Augusta Treverorum -- Colonia (It. Ant. 372,4), centre of the Treverian pagus of the Bedenses. Inscriptions indicate that B. sported a lively theatre (CIL XIII 4132; BRGK 40, 1959, 125,8) and activities of   iuniores (CIL XIII 4131). After B.'s destruction around AD 275/6, it was newly built in the 4th cent. as a military fort with oval surrounding walls (two hectares) and was i…

Durocortorum

(572 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul | Limes | Limes | Rome | Batavian Revolt Capital of the Gallo-Roman civitas of the Remi; modern Reims, on the northern edge of Champagne (Ptol. 2,9,6; 8,5,6); whether it should be identified with the centre of the autonomous Remi (Caes. Gall. 6,44) remains an open question. After sporadic settlement since the end of the Hallstatt period it expanded during La Tène III. In the course of the 1st cent. BC an oppidum arose, c. 90 ha. in area, with a massive earth rampart and ditch and surrounded by a second co…

Lacus Lemanus

(161 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Largest of the Alpine lakes (581 km2), modern Lake Geneva. Documented by Caes. B Gall. 1,2,3; 8,1; 3,1,1; Str. 4,1,11; 6,6; 11; Luc. 1,396; Mela 2,74; 79; Plin. HN 2,224; 3,33; Ptol. 2,10,2; Amm. Marc. 15,11,16. It. Ant. 348,2: lacus Lausonius; Tab. Peut. 3,2: lacus Losanenses. It was the border between Gallia Belgica or Germania superior and Gallia Narbonensis and thus separated the Helvetii in the north from the Allobroges in the south. In Genava harbour installations have been established through dendrochronological methods for the…

Scaldis

(202 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] River in Gallia Belgica (Caes. B Gall. 6,33; Plin. HN 4,98; 105; Geogr. Rav. 263,6: Scaldea; Ptol. 2,9,3; 9: Ταβούλλα/ Taboúlla), modern Schelde (in French Escaut). It rises on Mont Saint Martin near Augusta Viromanduorum (modern Saint Quentin in the department of Oise), flows through Camaracum (modern Cambrai) and Turnacum (modern Tournai) and separates the civitates of the Atrebates [1] and the Menapii on its left bank from that of the Nervii on its right bank. In the region near its mouth (Plin. loc. cit.), which was settled by Ge…

Mosomagus

(104 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (‘Market on the Mosa’), present-day Mouzon (Dépt. Ardennes); town on the road from Durocortorum to Augusta [6] Treverorum, between the civitates of the Remi and the Treveri on an island between two arms of the Mosa [1]. It was a significant  trading centre especially from the 2nd cent. AD. A fortification dating from Late Antiquity has been archaeologically authenticated. Musmagenses under a magister equitum inter Gallias  are documented (Not. Dign. Occ. 7,105); Merovingian coins mention Mosomo castri. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography J.-P. Levant, Mouzon…

Bellovaci

(109 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Tribe in Gallia Belgica (Picardy region) south of the Ambiani in the Thérain valley (Ptol. 2,9,4; Str. 4,3,5). Beauvais ( Caesaromagus), once the capital of the civitas, and the surrounding Beauvaisis owe their names to the B. This mightiest tribe of the  Belgae was defeated by Caesar in 57 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,4,5; 2,13-15). They were hesitant participants in the revolt led by  Vercingetorix in 52 BC (Caes. B Gall. 7,75), but in the following year, they organized resistance against Rome (Caes. B Gall. 8,6…

Belgae

(762 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
(Βελγικοί; Belgikoí: Cass. Dio 39,1; 40,42; Βέλγαι; Bélgai: Str. 4,1,1). [German version] A. Origins According to Caesar's division of Gallia into three population groups (Caes. B Gall. 1,1), the B. were the one settling between the Seine, Marne, North Sea and Rhine; their southern spread is not specified. Little can be said with certainty about the origins of the B. At the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC, tribal groups, presumably from Jutland and the Baltic region, invaded this region (Mela 3,36; 57; Amm. Ma…

Scarponna

(270 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Roman bridge station, modern Scarponne near Dieulouard in the département of Meurthe et Meuse, on a route from the Rhodanus (Rhone) to the Rhenus (Rhine) between Divodurum (modern Metz) and Tullum (modern Toul), where the Roman road crossed the four branches of the Mosella on bridges (It. Ant. 365,5; Tab. Peut. 3,1; Geogr. Rav. 4,26: Scarbonna; CIL XIII 9050). The beginning of the Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas of the Mediomatrici (no traces of pre-Roman settlement) can be viewed in the context of the extension of the traffic network at the beg…

Iura

(221 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] (Caes. B Gall. 1,2,3; 1,6,1; 1,8,1; Iurensis, Iorensis, Sidon. Apoll. Epist. 4,25,5; Greg. Tur. vit. patr. 1; Iures, Plin. HN 3,31; 4,105; 16,197; Ἰόρας/ Ióras, Ἰουράσιος/ Iourásios, Str. 4,3,4; 4,6,11; Ἰουρασσός/ Iourassós, Ptol. 2,9,2; 2,9,10). Mountain chain, c. 250 km long and up to 70 km wide, stretching in an arch shape from the Rhône at the Lac du Bourget, in a northerly/north-easterly direction to Baden in Switzerland. According to Caesar and Strabo, it formed the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani…

Catalauni

(78 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A tribal group of Gallia Belgica, who probably originally settled in the area of the Remi, in the modern Champagne. Its name and its capital of the same name, modern Châlon-sur-Marne, are only mentioned by later authors (Amm. Marc. 15,11,10; 27,2,4; Eutr. 9,13; Jer. Chron. AD 274; Not. Gall. 6,4; Durocatalauni: It. Ant. 361). The  Catuvellauni, who migrated to southern Britannia, are probably part of the same tribal group.  Campi Catalauni Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Solicia

(143 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Place in Gallia Belgica, modern Soulosse-sous-Saint-Élophe, on the road from the Rhodanus to the Rhenus between Andematunnum and Tullum (modern Toul) in the territory of the Leuci (It. Ant. 358,9; CIL XIII 4679); another name was Solimariaca, derived from a deity Solima or Solimara (It. Ant. 385,8; CIL XIII 4681; 4683). Inscriptions provide information on trade and industry (CIL XIII 4678-4703; [1. 4845-4890; 2]). In the 4th century AD a castrum was built on the Saint Élophe hill. In the Carolingian period S. was the main town of the Pagus Solocensis. Schön, Franz (Reg…

Menapii

(483 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] People of the North Sea coast of what is now Flanders, originally also north of the Rhine delta (Caes. B Gall. 4,4,2; Strab. 4,3,4). In 56/5 BC, the Germanic Usipetes and Tencteri crossed the Rhine, driving the M. out of their homelands on the right bank of the Rhine (Caes. B Gall. 4,4). The frontier of the C ivitas Menapiorum formed after their subjugation by Rome in 53 BC (stages of conquest 58 BC, Caes. B Gall. 2,4,9; 56 BC, Caes. B Gall. 3,9,10; 3,28f.; Cass. Dio 39,44; 55 BC, Caes. Gall. 4,22,5; 38,3; 53 BC, Caes. Gall. 6,5,6) ran al…

Titelberg

(460 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Celtic oppidum in the western area of the Treveri near Pétange (Luxembourg) on the southern edge of the Ardenne mountains, c. 100 m above the valley of the Chier (a side arm of the Meuse), situated on a rocky ledge which served as the settlement area (43 ha). From the 1st half of the 1st cent. BC, the area was secured along the edges of the cliff with a fortification wall (2700 m) and with a barrier in the shape of a murus Gallicus at the narrowest connection to the plateau behind it, later with a 'Belgian type' wall. Two gates connected by…

Itium, Itius portus

(162 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Promontory and port of the Morini in Gallia  Belgica, starting-point of Caesar's fleet for the expeditions to Britain (Caes. B Gall. 4,21-23; 5,2). Caesar only mentions I. in the context of his second expedition of 54 BC; τὸ Ἴτιον in Str. 4,5,2 refers to the operation of the preceding year. The promontory (Ἴτιον ἄκρον, Ptol. 2,9,1) is to be located near Cap Gris-Nez rather than near Cap d'Albrech. Of the numerous theories regarding the exact location of this port (e.g. in Flanders…

Contionacum

(79 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] A palace complex was developed at Konz bei Trier, above the point where the Saar joins the Moselle, in the middle of the 4th cent. AD and used as a palace until the early 5th cent.; identified as the summer palace C. where Valentinianus I issued several decrees in AD 371 (Cod. Theod. 2,4,3; 4,6,4; 9,3,5; 11,1,17); Auson. Mos. in 369 probably also refers to C. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography A. Neyses, Die spätröm. Kaiservilla von Konz, 1987.

Dalheim

(167 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[German version] Roman vicus in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, possibly identical with Ricciacus (Tab. Peut.); Indications of a late La Tène period settlement ( c. 1st cent. BC). It was refounded as a road-station ( mansio) during the construction of the Metz-Trier road in the Augustan period [1]. After the uprising of the Treveri in AD 69/70 the town developed into the economic and particularly religious centre of the region (CIL 13,1,2 p. 635-638) [2; 3]; in the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. it was devastated by invasions of German…

Vesontio

(1,207 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Caesar | Christianity | | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Oppidum | Rome (Vesontine, Bisontii, Besantio, Οὐεσόντιον/ Ouesóntion, modern Besançon, Dép. du Doubs), civitas metropolis of the Sequani. [German version] I. Beginnings Thanks to its outstanding topographical location (Caes. B Gall. 1,38,4; Julian. Ep. 26; Ptol. 2,9,21) in an almost circular oxbow of the Dubis (modern Doubs; radius 600 m), with the isthmus blocked in the southeast by a natural rise (Colline de la Citadelle), the site …

Contionacum

(72 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] In Konz bei Trier befand sich oberhalb der Saarmündung in die Mosel eine Mitte des 4.Jh. n.Chr. entstandene und bis ins frühe 5. Jh. benutzte Palastanlage, die mit der kaiserlichen Sommerresidenz C. identifiziert wurde, wo Valentinianus I. 371 n.Chr. mehrere Verfügungen erließ (Cod. Theod. 2,4,3; 4,6,4; 9,3,5; 11,1,17); auch Auson. Mos. 369 ist wohl auf C. zu beziehen. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography A. Neyses, Die spätröm. Kaiservilla von Konz, 1987.

Beda

(94 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bataveraufstand h. Bitburg, vicus auf einer natürlichen Erhebung an der röm. Straße Augusta Treverorum - Colonia Agrippinensium gelegen (Itin. Anton. 372,4), Mittelpunkt des treverischen pagus der Bedenses. Inschr. zeugen von regem Theaterwesen (CIL XIII 4132; BRGK 40, 1959, 125,8) und Aktivitäten der iuniores (CIL XIII 4131). Nach Zerstörungen um 275/6 n.Chr. Anf. 4.Jh. als Wehrkastell mit ovaler Ummauerung (2 ha) neu errichtet und bis in das 5., evtl. sogar 6.Jh. kontinuierlich besiedelt. Schön, Franz (Reg…

Helvetum

(164 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] (Itin. Anton. 252; 350; Ἔλκηβος, Ptol. 2,9,18). Bisher oft gleichgesetzt mit Helellum (Tab. Peut. 3,4) bzw. Alaia (Geogr. Rav. 26) und mit diesem schon im Itin. Anton. 354 verwechselt, ist aber nicht bei Ehl im Elsaß, sondern rechtsrhein. an der Route Mons Brisiacus - Argentoratus beim h. Riegel, Kreis Emmendingen, zu lokalisieren [1]. Kastelle aus claudischer und vespasianischer Zeit, die als Fortsetzung der Kastellreihe an der oberen Donau die Anbindung zum Rhein sicherten. Nach Eroberung der Decumates agri Verlust der mil.-strateg. Bed. Aus den cannabae (La…

Belgica

(333 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Urspr. die von Caesar bei seiner Dreiteilung der Gallia (Caes. Gall. 1,1) als das Siedlungsgebiet der Belgae (Caes. Gall. 2,4) bezeichnete Region. Eine einheitliche Verwaltung blieb aber bestehen, bis Augustus im Rahmen der Neuorganisation der Tres Galliae 16/13 v.Chr. die kaiserliche Prov. B. konstituierte. Aufgrund der von Plin. nat. 4,105 und Ptol. 2,9 überlieferten Völkerschaften der B. lassen sich die Prov.-Grenzen ungefähr festlegen, die von der Einteilung Caesars stark abweichen. Im Norden bildete die Nordse…

Dubis

(37 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Fluß in Gallia, h. Doubs, entspringt im frz. Jura, durchquert das Land der Sequani und mündet b. Verdun-sur-le-Doubs in den Arar (Caes. Gall. 1,38; Strab. 4,1,11; 14; 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,10,3). Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Nasium

(217 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Stadt der Leuci in Gallia Belgica (Itin. Anton. 365,3; Tab. Peut. 2,5; Νάσιον, Ptol. 2,9,13) zw. Mosella und Matrona [2] auf dem Gebiet der h. Kommunen Naix-aux-Forge und Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain. Die gallo-röm. Stadt im Tal des Ornain folgte einem sich auf dem benachbarten Hügel von Boviolles befindlichen kelt. oppidum (52 ha). N. liegt an der von Durocortorum nach Tullum und Divodurum führenden Heerstraße (Tab. Peut. l.c.; Intin. Anton. l.c.), seine verkehrsgeogr. Bed. ist aber mit weiteren fünf von hier ausgehenden Straßen v…

Campi Catalauni

(122 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Siedlungsgebiet der Catalauni in der h. Champagne, wiederholt Schauplatz bed. Schlachten. 273 n.Chr. besiegte hier der Kaiser Aurelianus den gallischen Usurpator Esuvius Tatricus (SHA Aurelian. 23,3; Eutr. 9,13; Hier. chron. 273 n.Chr.), 366 schlug der Feldherr Iovinus ein german. Heer (Amm. 27,2,4). Bes. Berühmtheit erlangten die C.C. durch die “Völkerschlacht” von 451 (südl. von Châlon), als es einer von Avitus zw. Rom und den Westgoten unter Theoderich gebildeten Koalition gel…

Argentorate

(143 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Gallia | Handel | Legio | Legio | Limes | Limes | Raeti, Raetia | Straßen Heute Strasbourg, inschr. erstmals erwähnt z. Z. Vespasians (CIL XIII 9082). Eine kleinere mil. Anlage augusteischer Zeit machte nach der Varus-Schlacht 9 n. Chr. einem Legionslager Platz, das bis zum Britannien-Feldzug des Claudius 43 n. Chr. von der legio II belegt war. Von Detachements anderer Einheiten benutzt, erhielt A. neueren arch. Unt. zur Folge Ende des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. [2] (dagegen noch [1. 89]: Anf. der 70er …

Catalauni

(67 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Eine wohl urspr. im Gebiet der Remi siedelnde Völkerschaft der Gallia Belgica in der h. Champagne. Name und gleichlautender Vorort, h. Châlon-sur-Marne, werden erst bei späteren Autoren erwähnt (Amm. 15,11,10; 27,2,4; Eutr. 9,13; Hier. chron. 274 n.Chr.; Not. Gall. 6,4; Durocatalauni: Itin. Anton. 361). Die in den Süden von Britannia eingewanderten Catuvellauni sind vermutlich ein Teil desselben Volkes. Campi Catalauni Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Durocortorum

(486 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bataveraufstand | Gallia | Limes | Limes | Roma | Straßen Hauptort der gallo-röm. civitas der Remi, h. Reims, am nördl. Rand der Champagne (Ptol. 2,9,6; 8,5,6); ob identisch mit dem Zentrum der unabhängigen Remi (Caes. Gall. 6,44), bleibt offen. Die noch sporadische Besiedlung seit E. der Hallstattzeit vervielfachte sich in Latène III. Im Laufe des 1. Jh.v.Chr. entstand ein oppidum von ca. 90 ha Fläche mit massivem Erdwall und Graben, umgeben von einem zweiten konzentrischen Wall vom selben Typ (5…

Saletio

(303 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Ortschaft zw. Selzbach und Sauer, an der Mündung dieser beiden Flüsse in den (Alt)-Rhein, h. Sel(t)z (Dépt. Bas Rhin südöstl. von Wissembourg). S. lag an der Grenze der civitates der Triboci und der Nemetes, denen S. zumindest in spätant. Zeit zugerechnet wurde. Hier kreuzten sich die Straßen Mogontiacum - Argentorate bzw. Saravus - Vosegus - Agri Decumates (Itin. Anton. 354,6; Tab. Peut. 3,3). Siedlungsspuren datieren bis in die Brz.; an der höchsten Stelle im Gelände liegt ein kelt. Oppidum aus vorröm. Ze…

Helellum

(145 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] (Tab. Peut. 3,4; Alaia, Geogr. Rav. 26). Röm. vicus der Triboci im Oberelsaß (nicht identisch mit Helvetum) an der Route Argentovaria - Argentoratus am Übergang der Ill beim h. Ehl-Benfeld, Dep. Bas-Rhin [1]; einer spätlatènezeitlichen Siedlung folgte in augusteischer Zeit der gallo-röm. vicus, der sich schließlich ca. 100 m beiderseits der Hauptstraße auf einer L von ca. 1000 m entwickelte. Eine Nekropole (3./4. Jh. n.Chr.) befindet sich im Süden von H. Trotz kleinerer Handwerksbetriebe war H. v.a. Handelszentrum. Der vicus, der durch eine Benefiziarie…

Sabis

(253 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] [1] Nordgallischer Fluß Nordgallischer Fluß (Caes. Gall. 2,16,1; 2,18), an dem Caesar 57 v. Chr., von Samarobriva her kommend, gegen die Nervii und ihre Verbündeten, die Atrebates [1] und Viromandui, kämpfte (ebd. 2,16-27). Identifizierung und Lokalisierung des Flusses sind strittig. Gegen die vorwiegend in der älteren Lit. vertretene Ansicht, der S. sei der Sambra [1] (h. Sambre) und die Schlacht habe 6 km von Maubeuge entfernt bei Hautmont-Boussières stattgefunden [1; 2], werden n…

Mosa

(384 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] [1] Fluß, h. Maas Fluß, h. Maas, entspringt in der Germania Superior bei den Lingones auf dem Plateau von Langres (anders Caes. Gall. 4,10,1: im Vosegus), fließt nördl. durch die Belgica, durchbricht kurz vor der Germania Inferior die Ardennen und erreicht bei den Batavi das Mare Germanicum. Die scheinbar widersprüchlichen Angaben ant. Autoren dazu, ob der M. direkt ins Meer (Plin. nat. 4,100f.; Ptol. 2,9,3) oder über den linken Rheinarm, die Waal (Caes. Gall. 4,10,1: Vacalus; Tac. ann. 2,6,4: Vahalis; Tac. hist. 5,23,1), mündet, sind angesichts der geologi…

Levaci

(40 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Bei Caes. Gall. 5,39,1 im Zusammenhang mit den Ereignissen des Winters 54/53 v.Chr. gen. Volk der Gallia Belgica in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der Nervii, zu denen es in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis stand; nicht genauer lokalisierbar. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Morini

(523 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] (kelt. für “Leute des Meeres”). Volk in der Gallia Belgica am h. Pas de Calais, dessen Gebiet im Westen und Norden ans Meer reichte. Die Grenze zu den im NO benachbarten Menapii verlief die Aa aufwärts bis östl. von St. Omer, um südl. auf die Leie zu stoßen, diese ein wenig aufwärts, wo man bei Merville auf das ehemalige Gebiet der Atrebates [1] traf; von hier aus gelangte man wohl auf der alten Bistumsgrenze von Arras in südöstl. Richtung zur Quelle der Canche bei Ivergny, welch…

Geidumni

(33 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Nur bei Caes. Gall. 5,39,1 gen. Volk der Gallia Belgica, das zu den Nervii in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis stand; ihre Wohnsitze in Flandern sind nicht genauer lokalisierbar. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Eburones

(193 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Volk in Gallia Belgica, das bedeutendste unter den Germani Cisrhenani (Caes. Gall. 2,4); sie waren Klienten der Treveri im Süden; dazw. lagen die german. Condrusi und Segni (Caes. Gall. 4,6; 6,32). Im Norden grenzten die E. an das Küstenvolk der Menapii (Caes. Gall. 6,5). Der Kern ihres Siedlungsgebiets zw. Maas und Rhein (Caes. Gall. 5,24) umfaßte die nördl. Ardennen, die Eifel und die Bördenlandschaften. Mit den Aduatuci im Westen bestand evtl. eine Teilkongruenz (Caes. Gall. 5…

Orolaunum

(237 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] h. Arlon-Arel (Belgien, Prov. Luxembourg). Bed. vicus der civitas der Treveri, wahrscheinlich Hauptort eines ihrer pagi ( pagus ); entstand an den Quellen der Semois am Kreuzungspunkt der wichtigen Fernstraßen von Durocortorum nach Augusta [6] Treverorum (Itin. Anton. 366,2; [1]) und von Divodurum nach Aduatuca. Angesichts der Bedrohung durch Barbaren wurde E. des 3./Anf. des 4. Jh. n.Chr. die Siedlung auf den nördl. Stadthügel (h. St. Donat) verlagert und mit einem ovalen, 780 m langen und 4 m dicken Mauerring gesichert. Vom 15 ha großen vicus in der Ebene s…

Iura

(212 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] (Caes. Gall. 1,2,3; 1,6,1; 1,8,1; Iurensis, Iorensis, Sidon. epist. 4,25,5; Greg. Tur. vit. patr. 1; Iures, Plin. nat. 3,31; 4,105; 16,197; Ἰόρας, Ἰουράσιος, Strab. 4,3,4; 4,6,11; Ἰουρασσός, Ptol. 2,9,2; 2,9,10). Ca. 250 km langer, bis zu 70 km breiter Gebirgszug, der sich bogenförmig von der Rhône beim Lac du Bourget in nördl./nordöstl. Richtung bis nach Baden/Schweiz erstreckt. Er bildete nach Caesar und Strabon die Grenze zw. Helvetii und Sequani; im Norden siedelten die Raurici. Die durch d…

Dalheim

(143 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Röm. vicus im Großherzogtum Luxemburg, möglicherweise identisch mit Ricciacus (Tab. Peut.); Hinweise auf eine spätlatènezeitliche Siedlung (ca. 1. Jh.v.Chr.). Als Etappenort ( mansio) beim Bau der Straße Metz-Trier in augusteischer Zeit neu gegr. [1]. Nach dem Aufstand der Treveri 69/70 n.Chr. entwickelte sich der Ort zum wirtschaftlichen, vor allem rel. Zentrum der Region (CIL 13,1,2 p. 635-638) [2; 3]; in der 2. H. des 3. Jh. erlebte er Verwüstungen durch Germaneneinfälle (260, um 268/270, um 275/6…

Nervii

(506 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Völkerschaft in der Gallia Belgica; ihr Gebiet umfaßte Teile der h. belgischen Prov. Hennegau, Brabant und Ostflandern und des franz. Dépt. Nord. Die nordwestl. bzw. westl. Grenze zu den Menapii und Atrebates [1] lief den Scaldis (Schelde) aufwärts von seinem Mündungsgebiet bis zur Quelle; die Südgrenze zu den Remi führte von hier in direkter Linie, in etwa identisch mit der Höhenlinie des Thiérachewaldes, zur Quelle des Isara [2]. Die östl. Grenze zu den Pemani, Segni, Condrusi …

Lacus Lemanus

(142 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Größter der Alpenseen (581 km2), h. Genfer See. Belegt bei Caes. Gall. 1,2,3; 8,1; 3,1,1; Strab. 4,1,11; 6,6; 11; Lucan. 1,396; Mela 2,74; 79; Plin. nat. 2,224; 3,33; Ptol. 2,10,2; Amm. 15,11,16. Itin. Anton. 348,2: lacus Lausonius; Tab. Peut. 3,2: lacus Losanenses. Er bildete die Grenze zw. Gallia Belgica bzw. Germania Superior und Gallia Narbonensis und schied so die Helvetii im Norden von den Allobroges im Süden. In Genava sind für 121/120 v.Chr. Hafenanlagen dendrochronologisch nachgewiesen [1]. Lousonna war nördlichster Punkt …

Divodurum

(267 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bataveraufstand | Christentum | Limes | Straßen Hauptort der gallo-röm. civitas der Mediomatrici, h. Metz, auf einem langgestreckten Kamm zw. Mosel und Seille oberhalb ihres Zusammenflusses (Ptol. 2,9,7). Einem im 6. Jh.v.Chr. zerstörten hallstattzeitlichen oppidum folgte eine latènezeitliche Anlage, die im Krieg gegen Caesar unterging. Als die augusteische Siedlung z.Z. des Tiberius einer Brandkatastrophe zum Opfer gefallen war, entstand die neue Stadt mit typisch röm. “…

Mosomagus

(92 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] (“Markt am Mosa”), h. Mouzon (Dépt. Ardennes). Ort an der Straße von Durocortorum nach Augusta [6] Treverorum zw. den civitates der Remi und der Treveri auf einer Insel zw. zwei Armen des Mosa [1]; war bed. Handelszentrum, v.a. seit dem 2. Jh.n.Chr. Eine spätant. Befestigung ist arch. nachgewiesen. Bezeugt sind Musmagenses unter einem magister equitum inter Gallias (Not. Dig. occ. 7,105); merowingische Mz. erwähnen Mosomo castri. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography J.-P. Levant, Mouzon, in: J.-P. Petit (Hrsg.), Atlas des agglomérations secondaires d…

Bagacum

(258 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Limes | Straßen h. Bavai, Hauptort ( civitas) der Nervii, im frz. Département Nord unweit der belgischen Grenze. Der kelt. Name des Ortes sowie spärliche latènezeitliche Spuren lassen eine bescheidene vorröm. Siedlung möglich erscheinen. B. ist aber eine röm. Gründung und im Zusammenhang mit dem Straßenbauprogramm Agrippas zur Neuorganisation der Galliae (20/19 v.Chr.) zu sehen. Am Knotenpunkt der Verbindungen nach Durocortorum (Süd), Augusta Tr…

Arduenna

(56 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Waldgebirge in Gallia; genaue Lage und Ausdehnung schon in der Ant. unklar (Strab. 4,3,5; Tac. ann. 3,42). Es umfaßte im Kern die h. Eifel und die Ardennen, erstreckte sich aber offenbar im Nordwesten über die Höhen von Artois bis ins Gebiet der Atrebates und Morini am Pas de Calais. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Caesaromagus

(138 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater Civitas-Hauptort der Bellovaci an einer Schleife der Thérain, h. Beauvais (Oise). Für eine kelt. Vorgängersiedlung an dieser Stelle (Bratuspantium) fehlen arch. Beweise ebenso wie für die aus dem Namen C. abgeleitete Vermutung einer Gründung durch Caesar oder Augustus. Die Anf. des gallo-röm. Urbanismus liegen wohl im frühen 1.Jh. n.Chr., bedeutendere Spuren von Bauten weisen ins 2.Jh.; ein Forum ist nicht lokalisierbar. Als Folge …

Grand

(301 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Fernab bed. Verkehrsverbindungen auf siedlungsfeindlichem Hochplateau zw. Marne und Maas (Dep. Vosges), verdankt G. seine Existenz einem Waldheiligtum der Leuci von überregionaler Bed. Nach der röm. Eroberung gab der im Apollo-Kult aufgehende Heilgott Grannus (Claudius Marius Victor, Alethia 3,204-209) wohl dem neuen vicus seinen Namen (AE 1937, 55). Orthogonal angelegt, war G. von einem kreisförmigen pomerium (“sakrale Stadtgrenze”), h. voie close, umgeben; darin ein von einer unregelmäßigen sechseckigen Umfassungsmauer umgrenzter Bezirk…

Bellovaci

(94 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Volk in Gallia Belgica (Region Picardie) südl. der Ambiani im Théraintal (Ptol. 2,9,4; Strab. 4,3,5). Beauvais (Caesaromagus), einst Hauptort der civitas, und die umliegende Beauvaisis verdanken den B. ihren Namen. Dieser mächtigste Stamm der Belgae wurde von Caesar 57 v.Chr. besiegt (Caes. Gall. 2,4,5; 2,13-15). Am Aufstand des Vercingetorix 52 v.Chr. beteiligten sie sich nur zögerlich (Caes. Gall. 7,75), organisierten jedoch im folgenden Jahr den Widerstand gegen Rom (Caes. Gall. 8,6-22). Nach ein…

Ambiani

(99 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Küstenvolk in Gallia Belgica in der h. Picardie, Hauptort Samarobriva; beteiligte sich an den gallischen Koalitionen gegen Caesar von 57 und 52 v. Chr., wurde 51 v. Chr. endgültig unterworfen (Caes. Gall. 2,4,9; 7,75,1-3; 8,7,3-4). Ihre Siedlungsgebiete zw. Bellovaci im Süden und Morini im Norden (Ptol. 2,9,4) umfaßten das Somme-Becken, begrenzt im Norden von der Canche, im Nordosten und Südosten durch die Wasserscheide der Somme; die an der Südgrenze, dem Bresletal, bezeugten Catuslougi [1] galten als pagus der A. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 AE, 1…

Menapii

(407 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Volk an der Nordseeküste im h. Flandern, urspr. auch jenseits des Rheindeltas (Caes. Gall. 4,4,2; Strab. 4,3,4). 56/5 v.Chr. überschritten die german. Usipetes und Tencteri den Rhein und vertrieben die M. aus ihrer rechtsrhein. Heimat (Caes. Gall. 4,4). Die Grenze der nach der Unterwerfung unter Rom 53 v.Chr. (Etappen der Eroberung: im J. 58, Caes. Gall. 2,4,9; im J. 56, Caes. Gall. 3,9,10; 3,28f.; Cass. Dio 39,44; im J. 55, Caes. Gall. 4,22,5; 38,3; im J. 53, Caes. Gall. 6,5,6) gebildeten civitas Menapiorum verlief im Norden und Westen die Küste entlang von d…

Bratuspantium

(53 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Von Caes. Gall. 2,13 erwähntes, nicht zweifelsfrei lokalisierbares oppidum der Bellovaci. Ob es sich um eine Vorgängersiedlung des später an gleicher Stelle entstandenen Hauptortes der civitas Caesaromagus handelt oder um eine kelt. Anlage an einem ganz anderen Ort (Bailleul sur Thérain, Breteuil sur Noye), ist umstritten. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)

Remi

(710 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
[English version] Volk in der Gallia Belgica, das in den Tälern der Aisne, Vesle und Suippe mit Schwerpunkt im mittleren Aisne-Tal siedelte, also in den h. Dépt. Marne und Ardennes und in Teilen der Dépt. Aisne und Meuse [1. 127 f.]. Eingeschlossen von Wäldern, grenzte das Siedlungsgebiet der R. nirgends direkt an Nachbarvölker. Als die R. hier seßhaft geworden waren, wandelten sie ihre urspr. “Nomadenmentalität” insoweit ab, als sich ihre Vorstellung von der grenzenlosen Umwelt nun auf den Raum “…
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