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( G̲h̲āzī Malik ), founder of the Tug̲h̲luḳ dynasty and ruler of India from 720/1320 to 725/1325, was by origin a Ḳarawna Turk and an immigrant from Ḵh̲urāsān, who took service under the Ḵh̲ald̲j̲īs. In 705/1305 he was appointed governor of Dīpālpūr in the Pand̲j̲āb, and as warden of the marches he held the Mongols at bay for fifteen years, conducting annual raids against them in the Kābul and G̲h̲azna areas. The prestige thus gained was his main asset when he rose against Ḵh̲usraw Ḵh̲ān, a Ḵh̲āld̲j̲ī general of low-caste Hindu Parwārī origin,…

, founder of the “Sayyid” dynasty which ruled at Dihlī from 817/1414 to 855/1451. His designation as a sayyid is traced in the near-contemporary Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak S̲h̲āhī firstly to a remark hagiologically attributed to the Ṣūfī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī, and secondly to his own excellent character, and has been accepted by later historians like Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad, Badāʾūnī and Firis̲h̲ta; but this has been regarded as dubious by modern British and South Asian historians. The other nearcontemporary source, Bihāmad K̲h̲ānī’s Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Muḥammadī (comp…

(Divine Faith), the heresy promulgated by the Indian Mug̲h̲al emperor Akbar [ q.v.] in 989/1581. The heresy is related to earlier Alfī heretical movements in Indian Islam of the 10th/16th century, implying the need for the reorientation of faith at the end of the first millennium of the advent of the Prophet. Among its formative inspirations was Akbar’s reaction to the decadence and corruption of contemporary ʿulamāʾ , his eclecticism and religious tolerance, and the intellectual scepticism of his chief associate Abu ’l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī. Ethically, the Dīn-i Ilāhī …

(a.), reform, reformism. i.—The Arab world In modern Arabic, the term iṣlāḥ is used for “reform” (cf.: RALA, xxi (1386/1966), 351, no. 15) in the general sense: in contemporary Islamic litera-Jure it denotes more specifically orthodox reformism of the type that emerges in the doctrinal teachings of Muḥammad ʿAbduh, in the writings of Ras̲h̲īd Riḍā, and in the numerous Muslim authors who are influenced by these two masters and, like them, consider themselves disciples of the Salafiyya (see below). Iṣlāḥ will be examined under the foliowing general head…

, the name currently employed in Arabic for the Indian sub-continent. The current names in Persian were Hindūstān, Hindistān, “land of the Hindūs” [ q.v.], whence Ottoman Turkish Hindistān. The present article comprises the following sections: For Anglo-Muhammedan law, see s̲h̲arīʿa ; for political parties, see ḥizb ; for the development of the apparatus of modern government, see ḥukūma ; for the events leading to partition and for the history of Pakistan since independence, see pākistān . (Ed.) i.— The Geography of India according to the mediaeval muslim geographers. (a) The term “ Hin…