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, a Turkomān dynasty which reigned from 708 to 829 (1308 to 1425) over the emirate of the same name. Aydi̊n-og̲h̲lu Meḥmed Beg (708-734/1308-1334), ṣubas̲h̲i̊ of the emir of Germiyān, separated from him in the early years of the 8th/14th century and started to make war on his own account, associating himself with Sasa Beg, son-in-law of the emir of Mentes̲h̲e. After having conquered Birgi, Ayaṣoluḳ and Keles, Sasa turned against his former ally and was defeated and put to death by him in 708/1308.…

, a Turkish philosopher and theologian, who was born and died (791/1389?) at Aḳsaray. According to tradition Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Meḥmed, who during his lifetime was known by the name of D̲j̲amālī, is said to have been the great-grandson of Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Rāzī. He was appointed instructor at the madrasa of Zind̲j̲irli, at Aḳsaray, after learning by heart the Ṣaḥāḥ , al-D̲j̲awharī’s Arabic lexicographical work, an indispensable requirement of anyone seeking to obtain this appointment. Like the ancient Greek philosophers he split up his ve…

, chief town of the wilāyet of the same name, in south-western Anatolia. Situated in a fertile plain which has been inhabited since the earliest times, Deflizli in the 14th century replaced Lādīḳ, the ancient Laodiceia ad Lycum , whose ruins stand at Eski Ḥiṣār, on the Çürük Şu, a tributary of the Büyük Menderes, near the railway station of Gond̲j̲ali, 9 km. from Deñizli. Built in the 3rd century B.C. by the Seleucid Antiochus II on the site of the ancient Diospolis (Pliny, v, 105), Laodicaea controlled an impo…

, a term which designates the epic tradition of the Og̲h̲uz [see g̲h̲uzz ], Turkish tribes mentioned for the first time in the Ork̲h̲on [ q.v.] inscriptions. After the fall of the empire of the Kök or Celestial Turks (7th-8th centuries), the Og̲h̲uz tribes migrated westwards. From the 8th and 9th centuries onwards, they are found installed in the basin of the middle and upper Syr Darya, between Lakes Aral and Balkas̲h̲ in the modern Kazak̲h̲stan Republic, where they formed tribal confederations. The Sald̲j̲ūḳs, who invade…

, ( G̲h̲azī Evrenos ) makes his appearance in history after the emirate of Ḳarasi̊ had been occupied by the Ottomans (after 735/1334-5), and given by sultan Ork̲h̲ān as tīmār to his eldest son Süleymān Pas̲h̲a, into whose service came the begs of the amīrs of Ḳarasi̊, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī İl-Begi, Ed̲j̲e Beg, G̲h̲āzī Fāḍil and Evrenos. According to the genealogical tree of the family, confirmed by a deed of waḳf (published by Ö. L. Barkan, in Vakıflar Dergisi , ii, Ankara 1942, 342-3), the father of Evrenos is said to have been ʿĪsā Beg, later called Prangi because he died in…

Germiyān, at first the name of a Turkoman tribe, was afterwards applied to a family, then to an amīrate. Mentioned from the 6th/12th century in the history of the Anatolian Turks, the Germiyān appeared for the first time in 636-7/1239 in the reign of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Kayk̲h̲usraw II; at this time the Germiyān Muẓaffar al-Dīn b. ʿAlī S̲h̲īr, installed in the region of Malaṭya, was sent at the head of a troop of Kurds and Germiyān against the Turkoman rebel …

, Arabic active participle (pi. g̲h̲uzāt ) used to indicate those who took part in a razzia [see g̲h̲azw ], later in a g̲h̲azwa [ q.v.] “raid against the infidels”. This name later grew to be a title of honour reserved for those who distinguished themselves in the g̲h̲azwa, and it became part of the title of certain Muslim princes, such as the amīrs of Anatolia and more particularly the first Ottoman sultans. Corporations of g̲h̲āzīs are attested in Transoxiana and Ḵh̲urāsān from the Sāmānid period; these were wandering bands who obtained their living chiefly from booty won in the g̲h̲azwa, an…

, s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , the 4th Ṣafawid s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ in line of descent from S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn Isḥāḳ, the founder of the Ṣafawid ṭarīḳa , succeeded his father Ibrāhīm as head of the Ṣafawid order at Ardabīl in 851/1447-8; the date of his birth is not known. D̲j̲unayd for the first time organized the Ṣafawid murīds on a military footing and, unlike his predecessors, clearly aimed at temporal power as well as religious authority. His political ambitions at once brought him into conflict with D̲j̲ahāns̲h̲āh [ q.v.], the Ḳara-Ḳoyunlu ruler of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, who ordered him to disband …