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(Καλλίας; Kallías, Ion. Καλλίης; Kallíēs). Common Attic name from the 6th -- 4th cent. BC, especially in the rich priestly family (several dadouchoi) of the Ceryces, which was associated with the cult of Eleusis. C. appears there in alternation with  Hipponicus. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [1] Mythical son of the Heraclid Temenos Mythical son of the Heraclid  Temenus, king of Argos, and the brother of Agelaus, Eurypylus and  Hyrnetho. Since the king preferred Hyrnetho and her husband  Deiphontes to his sons, they had Temenus murder…

[German version] (Χαῖρις; Chaîris). Greek grammarian of the school of Aristarchus of Samothrace; father of a grammarian called Apollonius [7] (ὁ τοῦ Χαίριδος; ho toû Chaíridos). It is not clear whether he lived directly after Aristarchus. His work was used by Tryphon, Didymus and Herodianus. We are better informed about his exegesis on Homer: about 10 fragments are known from the scholiae, and Schol. Hom. Od. 7,80 mentions the title Διορθωτικά ( Diorthōtiká; ‘Improvements). C. is also quoted about 10 times in the Pindar scholiae, almost exclusively at P. 4. There are also a few…

(Ἀρχίας; Archías). [German version] [1] Corinthian, founder of Syracuse 733 BC Son of Euagetes of Corinth, probably belonging to the family of the  Bacchiadae. He left Corinth following a serious dispute, and, on the instruction of the Delphian oracle, led colonists to lower Italy. In about 733 BC, he founded  Syracusae in Sicily (Thuc. 6,3,2; Str. 6,2,4; Plut. Mor. 772e-773b).  Colonization Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography W. Leschhorn, Gründer der Stadt, 1984, 13-16 H.-P. Drögemüller, s. v. Syrakus, RE Suppl. 13, 817-819. [German version] [2] Politician from C…

[German version] (Ἀπίων; Apíōn). Grammarian and lexicographer, lived at end of the 1st cent. BC to first half of 1st cent. AD. He was born in an Egyptian oasis, was the son of a certain Poseidonius, was brought up in the house of Didymus in Alexandria and was the successor to Theon as leader of the Alexandrian school of grammarians. During the reign of Tiberius and of Claudius he taught in Rome, where Plinius the Elder heard him. He also undertook travels in Greece and held lectures in various plac…

(Δράκων; Drákōn) [German version] [1] see Dragon slayers see  Dragon slayers Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) [German version] [2] Athenian lawmaker c. 620 BC Athenian lawmaker said to have enacted in 621/20 BC the first ‘statutes’ (θεσμοί; thesmoí) set down in writing. We know as little about D. personally as we do about his activity as a lawmaker: he was perhaps one of the  Thesmothetai and/or given special authority [1. 31]. His laws were written down and publicly displayed on numbered blocks of wood (ἄξονες; áxones) that were hung up vertically and could be swivelled on…

(Διοκλῆς; Dioklês). [German version] …

(Ἀντίγονος; Antígonos). [German version] [1] Monophthalmus Diadoch (‘The One-eyed’), 382-301 BC.  Hetairos of  Philippus and  Alexander [4], married to  Stratonice, was the father of  Demetrius. During Alexander's invasion of Asia, commander of the Greek hoplites, satrap of Greater Phrygia from 333 until Alexander's death [323]. He defeated rebels and remnants of Persian troops, he gained Lycaonia and in 331 he received in addition the administration of Lycia-Pamphylia. In Priene he was honoured for an achievement, the nature of which is unknown. (IPriene 2).…

Epithet of many gentilicia [1]. Famous persons: the jurist Salvius I. [1]; the doctor I. [2]; the emperor I. [11], called ‘Apostata’; the bishops I. [16] of Aeclanum and I. [21] of Toledo. [German version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus Roman jurist, 2nd cent. AD …

[German version] (Ἀμερίας; Amerías) from Macedonia. Greek grammarian and lexicographer from the Alexandrian period, probably earlier than Aristarchus. It is uncertain whether all quotes -- above all with Athenaeus and Hesychius and in various collections of scholia -- derive from the main work, the Γλῶσσαι, which is a lexigraphical collection of dialectical expressions, arranged according to themes. Perhaps one can identify it with one of the glossographoi, which were often quoted with this collective term.  Aristarchus;  Grammarians;  Lexicography;  Glossography Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibli…

(Ἀρτεμίδωρος; Artemídōros). [German version] [1] Indo-Greek King in 1st cent. BC. Coins are the only evidence of his existence, middle Indian Artemitora. Karttunen, K…

(Ἀσκληπιάδης; Asklēpiádēs) [German version] [1] of Samos Epigrammatic poet Epigrammatic poet of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager, who addresses him in the preface by the dark pseudonym Σικελίδης (Anth. Pal. 4,1,46; cf. Hedylus, GA I 1, 101 6, 4; Theoc. 7,40); an outstanding representative of the Ionian-Alexandrianschool, he lived around the turn of the 4th/3rd cent. BC. A. was highly praised by Theocritus (7,39-41), but attacked by Callimachus (schol. Flor. Callim. Fr.1,1). From the latter he differed, among other things, through a diametrically opposed appraisal of the Lyde of Antimachus (9,63, cf. Callim. Fr.398). A. also was the composer of melic, choliambic and epic verse, possibly of hymns (SH 215-220) too, which now all are lost. His 33 epigrams (apart from 13 that are disputed) are predominantly erotic, and treat the most varied aspects of love, from an invitation to pleasure to anger over a missed rendezvous, from scorching desire to rebellion against Eros, from laughter to tears, jealousy and a depression that sometimes even clouds the meaning of life (Ant…

(Ἀριστοφάνης; Aristophánēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Son of  Nicophemus, a confidant of  Conon. Repeatedly chorēgós and trierarch. In 393 BC he was supposed to win  Dionysius I of Syracuse on Conon's order as an ally for Athens using a marriage alliance with  Evagoras of Salamis. When Athens sent Evagoras 10 triremes against the Persians in 390/89, A. helped in financing them and participated as a delegate. Returning from this unsuccessful campaign, A. and his father were executed by means of the apagoge and their fortune …

(Ἀρσένιος; Arsénios). [German version] [1] Saint Saint, from a noble family, born AD 354 in Rome, died 445 in Troy near Memphis in Egypt. Emperor  Theodosius I invited him to Constantinople to bring up his children  Arcadius and  Honorius. After many years in the imperial palace A. returned to Egypt and lived as a hermit. A biographic legend is to be found in Simeon Metaphrastes. The teachings for monks and apophthegmata ascribed to him are of very doubtful authenticity. Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography A. Jülicher, RE 2, 1273 ODB I 187-188. [German version] [2] Fictitious author …

[German version] (Καρύστιος; Karýstios) of Pergamum. Greek polygraph with a wide range of interests, who probably lived in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. The majority of fragments is found in Athenaeus, who predominantly quotes from Ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα (at least 2 vols, or possibly 3 vols, if the two references ἐν τρίτῳ Ὑπομνημάτων in A…

[German version] [1] Pius Roman emperor Roman emperor. Original name T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus = Imp. Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius.  19 September 86 on a country estate near Lanuvium (SHA Pi…

(Ἀριστόνικος; Aristónikos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (2…

(Ἀρτέμων; Artémōn). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian From Cassandreia. Greek  grammarian. As he makes mention of  Dionysius Scytobrachion, he is dated to the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. Of his works Athenaeus cites: Περὶ βιβλίων συναγωγῆς, Περὶ βιβλίων χρήσεως, Περὶ τοῦ Διονυσιακοῦ συστήματος as being his. An almost contemporary namesake from Pergamum, the commentator on Pindar (FGrH 569), possibly is the same pe…

[German version] …

[German version] (διπλῆ; diplê). Editorial mark of the Alexandrian philologists, used in textual criticism, simple (generally >, but also <) or accompanied by two dots (). Documentary evidence relates it predominantly with Homeric philology: The simple diple (ἀπερίστικτος or καθαρά; aperístiktos or kathará) was used by Aristarchus of Samothrace, to refer to various critical-exegetic observations on the interpretation of a text, on its language, the realia etc., and the diplê periestigménē (διπλῆ περιεστιγμένη) by contrast, to mark those passages in which he polem…

[German version] (Ἀκουσίλαος; Akousílaos) from Argos. Lived at the end of the 6th and first half of 5th cent. BC, was according to Hecataeus of Miletus one of the first Greek prose writers and wrote in the Ionian dialect. He is traditionally regarded as belonging to the group of so-called logographoi (a generic term used in Thuc. 1,21,1) ( Logographer) and, as far as …

(Κράτης; Krátēs). [German version] [1] Writer of comedies, 5th cent. BC Athenian, the poet of the Old Comedy who began giving performances …

(Λεσβῶναξ; Lesbônax). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian, dates uncertain (perhaps before the end of the 2nd cent. AD). Author of a work on rhetorical figures (Περὶ σχημάτων; Perì schēmátōn) that is extant in two different excerpts (there is no basis for equating him with the orator L. of Mytilene). In it, L. describes a series of grammatical peculiarities ( …

[German version] (ὑπόμνημα; hypómnēma, more rarely ὑπομνηματισμός; hypomnēmatismós; Latin commentarius or more rarely commentarium). The word Hypommnema (from the root of μιμνήσκω; mimnḗskō, ‘to remember’) has the abstract basic meaning ‘memory’, presence in the memory or call/support for the memory (in this sense it already appears in Thuc. 2,44,2 and in Isocrates, Demosthenes, Xenophon etc.), however, in the course of time it takes on a large number of different connotations and nuances, especially the widespread (…

(Δημώ; Dēmṓ). Shortened form of a compound (see D. [3], [4]). [German version] [1] Daughter of Celeus The daughter of  Celeus, king of Eleusis, and  Metaneira. Together with her sisters Callidice, Cleisidice and Callithoe, she has a friendly encounter with  Demeter who is wandering about in the shape of an old woman (Hom. H. 2,109). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] …

(Χρύσιππος; Chrýsippos).…

Roman cognomen (greek Λογγῖνος; Longînos), derived from longus (‘tall’), in the Republican period in the family of the Cassii (Cassius [I 6-17; II 14-16]), in the Imperial period attested in numerous other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [1] Cassius Longinus Grammarian, Rhetor and platonic philosopher, c. AD 210-272/3 [German version] A. Life A Greek grammarian, rhetor and Platonic philosopher ( c. AD 210-272/3), who wa…

[German version] (Δαφίτας; Daphítas, also Δαφίδας; Daphídas). Greek grammarian (‘sophist’ according to Val. Max. 1,8), probably from the 2nd cent. BC, if it is accepted that he lived at the same time as Attalus III (see below). The Suda (δ 99 s.v. Δαφίδας) says that he came from Telmessus in Caria and made claims in a work about Homer that the poet was not telling the truth because the Athenians did not take part in the expedition to Troy. Strabo (14,647) tells that D.…

(Ἀριστοκλῆς; Aristoklês). [German version] [1] of Messene Peripatetic p…

[German version] (Ἀμαραντός; Amarantós) of Alexandria. Greek grammarian of the 2nd cent. AD (older contemporary of  Galen, who quotes him). His commentary on  Theocritus was extensively used in late antiquity and Byzantine times, and is quoted in the EM. Athenaeus reproduces some fragments of a work Περὶ σκηνής in connection with biographical anecdotes about actors.  Biography;  Theocritus Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography M. Haupt, De A. grammatici commentario in Theocriti idyllia, Opuscula III 2, 1876, 645 H. Maehler, in: Entretiens XL, 98-99 G. Wentzel, s. v. A. (3)…

(Ἀθηνοκλῆς; Athēnoklês). [German version] [1] From Cyzicus. Grammarian, 3rd/2nd cent. BC from Cyzicus. Grammarian. On the basis of Didymus in Schol. Hom. Od. 14,503, where in reference to him the word προηθέτει (‘has athetized earlier’) is used (see also Schol. Hom. Od. 6,144), he is believed to be older than Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace or at least one of his contemporaries, so that he can also be placed in the 3rd/2nd cents. BC. Ammonius [3] of Alexandria, the st…

(Βόηθος; Bóēthos). …

(Ἄτταλος; Áttalos). [German version] [1] Friend of  Philippus, rival of Alexander the Great at the court of his father Friend of  Philippus who did not punish him for an insult inflicted on Pausanias. At the wedding of his niece Cleopatra (II) to Philippus (337 BC) he called  Alexander [4] the Great a nothos (illegitimate son) and was attacked by him, whereupon Alexander and Olympias were banned (Plut. Alex. 9 among others). With his father-in-law (Curt. 6,9,18) Parmenion, he commanded the invading army in Asia. After Philippus' death, Alexander had him killed, although he had proven his loyalty (Diod. Sic. 17,5,1). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography E. Badian, The death of Philip II., in: Phoenix 17, 1963, 244-50 …

(Ἀρίσταρχος; Arístarchos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (end of the 5th cent. BC) Athenian politician, in 411 BC the most embittered opponent of the demos among the 400 Oligarchs in Athens (Thuc. 8,90,1). A. participated in the fortification of  Eetioneia when he was strategos (Xen. Hell. 2,3,46). After the regime was toppled, he betrayed the border fortification Oenoe to the Boeotians (Thuc. 8,98), for which he was executed in 406 (?) (Lycurg. Leocr. 115; PA, 1663; Traill PAA, 164155).…

(Δίδυμος; Dídymos). [1] of Alexandria Important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC [German version] A. Philological activity The most important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC. The biographical entry in the Suda (δ 872) tells us that he was still alive in the reign of Augustus, and mentions a nickname ‘Chalkenteros’ (Χαλκέντερος, ‘Brazen-guts’, cf. the Suda ι 399…

(Ἀπολλόδωρος; Apollódōros). Political figures [German version] [1] Athenian politician (4th cent. BC) Son of  Pasion of Acharnae, Athenian rhetor and supporter of Demosthenes (394/93, died after 343 BC). A. was one of the richest Athenian citizens after 370. He undertook costly trierarchy liturgies (cf. IG II2 1609,83 and 89; IG II2 1612, b110; Dem. Or. 50,4-10; 40 and 58) and in 352/51 gained a victory as   choregos (IG II2 3039,2) but had only limited success in obtaining a political post commensurate with his wealth. From 370 to 350 BC he indulged in litigat…

(Δωρόθεος; Dōrótheos). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Argos, 5th cent. BC Sculptor of bronze from Argos. Known by two signatures from the middle of the 5th cent. BC on bases in Delphi and in Hermione (Crete), with traces of an inlet for a horse or rider statue. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography J. Marcadé, Recueil des signatures des sculptures grecques, 1, 1953, no. 30-31 P. Orlandini, I donari firmati da Kresilas e Dorotheos a Hermione, in: ArchCl 3, 1951, 94-98. [German version] [2] Painter, from the mid 1st cent. AD Painter from the middle of the 1st cent. AD. Co…

(Ἀλέξαδρος; Aléxandros). Famous personalities:  Alexander the Great [4] (III.); the Philosopher Alexander [26] of Aphrodisias. I. Myth [German version] [1] see Paris see  Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Associated Hellenistic ruling families [German version] [2] A. I. Macedonian king, 1st half of the 5th cent. BC Son of  Amyntas [1] and his negotiator with  Darius. As Macedonian king he supported  Xerxes' invasion of Greece, but pretended to be a friend of the Greeks (later called ‘Philhellen’). Herodotus has subtly shown his ambigu…

(Ἑλλάνικος; Hellánikos). [German version] [1] H. of Mytilene Greek historian, end of 5th cent. BC (T 1). Contrary to ancient tradition, which sometimes puts his birth date towards the end of the 6th cent. (T 4), sometimes at the beginning of the 5th cent. (T 3) and sometimes in the year 480/479 BC (T 1 and 6), younger rather than older contemporary of  Herodotus. At any rate the datable works belong to the last third of the 5th cent. H. analyzed the Herodotean collection of topics into individual components by a series of monographs and, reverting to  Hecataeus [3], even…

[German version] (Greek σημεῖα/ sēmeîa, Lat. notae). One of the most important technical and methodological inventions of Alexandrian  philology were the critical signs (CS) used in philological exegetic work. Their development and use cannot be followed continuously as there are gaps in the evidence. One exception, however, is the edition and exegesis technique of the Alexandrian grammarians with reference to Homer, about which we are adequately informed both through a small number of anonymous gramm…

[German version] (ἀστερίσκος). Symbol of textual criticism in Alexandrian philology. It is not clear what meaning  Aristophanes [4] of Byzantium attached to it when he introduced it; for  Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace, it marked a repeated verse: he used an asterisk for repetitions that he regarded as appropriate, and an asterisk with an obelus for those that he regarded as interpolations. In ‘editorial’ usage the asterisk marked the end of an ode in lyric poetry: in the edition of Alcaeus, Aristo…

(Ἀπολλώνιος; Apollṓnnios). [German version] [1] Dioiketes of Ptolemy II (259-245 BC) Of Caria, possibly Ptolemaic o ikonomos there in 267 BC. Was dioiketes of Ptolemy II from April /May 259 until the end of 245; in 252 escorted Berenice to her wedding to Antiochus II. At a critical transition period A. found himself responsible for the economy of the kingdom of the Ptolemies, adapting the fiscal system to the monetary economy of the Lagids, for which purpose he was entrusted with the management of finances and the co…

[German version] [1] Mythical ancestor of the Latin people (Greek Λατῖνος; Latînos). Mythical eponymous ancestor of the Latini. According to the Greek version, L. and his brother Agrius are the sons of Odysseus and Circe and kings of the Tyrrheni on the Island of the Blessed (Hes. Theog. 1011ff.). Servius (Aen. 12,164), who refers to a no longer identifiable Greek author, takes up this origin of L., but identifies him as the founder of the city of Rome, which was named for Rhome, the sister of L. Accor…