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(1892-1961), ruler of Afghanistan (1919-29), first with the title of amir and from 1926 on with that of shah. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 9, pp. 921-923 AMĀNALLĀH (1892-1961), ruler of Afghanistan (1919-29), first with the title of amir and from 1926 on with that of shah. He was the third son of Amir Ḥabīballāh, who was assassinated on 20 February 1919 when Amānallāh was serving as governor of Kabul with control over the army and the royal treasury, an advantage that aide…

, Muḥammad b. As̲h̲raf al-Ḥusaynī, an expert in both the ancient and Islamic sciences who composed important works on theology, logic, geometry and astronomy. He is most celebrated for his epistle on the art of disputation, al-Risāla al-Samarḳandiyya fī ādāb al-baḥt̲h̲ (in Mad̲j̲mūʿa mus̲h̲tamila ʿalā al-ātī bayānuhū , ed. Maḥmūd al-Imām al-Manṣūrī, Cairo 1353, 125-32), which was the most famous treatment of disputation ¶ and which became the subject of numerous commentaries (see Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, …

, S̲h̲ams al-dīn Muḥammad…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 7: U.S. R…

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[English version] I.* Minoische und mykenische Kultur Kenntnisse über F. der brz. minoischen (=min.) und myk. Kulturen stammen im wesentlichen von bildlichen Darstellungen (Plastik, Wandmalerei), aus Verwaltungstexten auf Linear B-Tontafeln und aus Grabkontexten. Die min. Palastkultur Kre…

(a.), lit. “making known”, hence “definition”. 1. As a term in logic. Ibn Sīnā appears to have been the first philosopher to use the word taʿrīf as a general term for definition that encompasses both “Aristotelian definition” ( ḥadd [ q.v.]) and descriptive definition, rasm , Gr. ύπογραφή Ibn Sīnā defines taʿrīf more gener…

I. Ancient Orient, Egypt and Iran…