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[German Version] (Sep 23, 1894, Utrecht, the Netherlands – Aug 31, 1976, Voorst, the Netherlands), studied theology in Leiden (1914–1920), was pastor from 1921 to 1945 in Kortgene, Meppel, Haarlem, and Amsterdam, and from 1945 to 1959 he taught dogmatics at the University of Leiden. In addition to his theological interests, his studies involved literature, and he was shaped by the so-called ethical theology of Johannes H. Gunning (1829–1905) of Groningen. His encounter with the second edition of K…

[German Version] The doctrine of Christ as the agent of creation relates God's actions in the con¶ texts of creation and redemption to one another and opposes an understanding of creation that is not associated with Jesus Christ as well as a conception of redemption that bears no relationship to creation. The concept of the agent of creation is defined in reference to 1 Cor 8:6: all things are through Jesus Chri…

[German Version] I. Overview In June 2010 the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) disbanded, to form, together with the Reformed Ecumenical Council (REC), the World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC). The present article deals with the former WARC. At the time of its disbandment the WARC had its headquarters in Geneva and comprised 218 Reformed (and also some United) churches in more than 108 countries, with a total of about 75 million members. It is striking that most member churches exist in minority situations, largely i…

[German Version] I. General The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy in northwest Europe. The name Netherlands is attested since the Roman period, but originally only in the sense of a flat landscape (cf. the Low Countries). Today the name is generally understood to denote the kingdom of the Netherlands (formerly the “Northern Netherlands”), no longer including what today is the kingdom of Belgium (formerly the “Southern Netherlands”). The original inhabitants of the Netherlands were Celts and Germans (including the Batavi); even during Roman rule (12 bce–260 ce) there was little population influx. Later Frisians, Franks, and Normans entered the region. In 925 it became part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; that was its formal status until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, but separation from the Empire began in the 15th century, when parts of the Netherlands became Burgundian and then in 1477 came under Habsburg rule. In 1555 Philip II, the son of Charles V, became prince of the Netherlands and king of Spain; thus the Netherlands became S…

[German Version] I. New Testament New Testament allusions to Christ as preexistent occur chiefly in material of a hymnic nature, in clear continuity with the Old Testament presentation of divine wisdom (Wisdom literature: II). The transfer to Christ of the protological role (Protology) originally ascribed to hypostasized Wisdom appears in 1 Cor 8:6; also Col 1:15–17; Eph 1:3–4; 1 Pet 1:20. A midrashic allusion in 1 Cor 10:4 suggests, typologically, that Christ functions for believers as the rock of Exod 17:6 funct…

[German Version] I. The Concept Pre-existence refers t…

[German Version] I. History and Theology 1. Terminology. For programmatic theological reasons, the Reformed churches rejected the exonym Calvinist churches…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Church History – III. Dogmatics – IV. Practical Theology – V. North America – VI. Missiology I. Religious Studies Generally speaking, the term laity (from Gk λαος/ laós, “people”) denotes adherents of a religious tradition who do not act as religious specialists or function within a defined socio-religious class (Priesthood, Monasticism). The use of the term is therefore inappropriate in religions without religious specialists, for example Islam. In some religions, the laity, who…