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Sulpicius

(5,409 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Et al.
Name of a Roman patrician family, probably originally from Cameria (hence the cognomen Camerinus); documented in the fasti from c. 500 BC. The otherwise rare praenomen Servius appears comparatively frequently and at times is even used in place of the nomen gentile (Tac. Hist. 2,48; Plut. Galba 3,1). The number of cognomina within the gens is high, but it has been impossible to identify clear branches. The link between the S. from the 3rd to the 2nd and 1st cent. BC is unclear. In the 2nd cent. BC, the most important branch of the family was that of…

Terentius

(5,938 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Et al.
Roman nomen gentile of Sabine origin. Its members begin to appear in the sources late in the 3rd cent. BC. Politically the most important branch was that of the Terentii Varrones which attained the ranks of the nobility with T. [I 14] Varro, consul in 216 BC. From the mid-2nd cent., several families of this branch were in simultaneous and unconnected existence. Cognomina showing geographical origins are widespread among the Terentii (Afer, Lucanus, Massaliota). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] As people's tribune in 54 BC, T. prevented…

Turnus

(290 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] [1] King of the Rutuli Mythical king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus [2] and Venilia, brother of Iuturna, from the city of Ardea; reigning when Aeneas [1] arrived in Italy. According to a (probably earlier ) tradition he and Latinus [1] fight against the invading Aeneas. When Latinus falls, T. flees to Mezentius, and the two take up the battle again; in the end T. himself and Aeneas fall (Cato HRR fr. 9-10). In another variant he fights against Latinus and Aeneas, because, having original…

Sueius

(72 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] Roman poet of the late Republican Period, author of rural idylls in Alexandrian style ( Moretum, Pulli, Nidus, cf. Charisius, Gramm. p. 132 B.) and a poem also in hexameters; he can hardly be identical to the grammarian Sevius Nicanor or the equestrian M. Seius. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht Bibliography Fragments: J. Granarolo, L'époque néotérique, in: ANRW I 3, 1973, 291f., 331-334  Courtney, 112-117  FPL3 (Blänsdorf), 122-126  A. Traglia, Poetae novi, 21962, 4f., 122-124.

Virgilius Maro

(605 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] 'Pen-name' [8.16f., 26; 13.75f.] of a Latin grammarian of the 7th cent. ( terminus ante quem is AD 658, cf. [10]) and therefore a younger contemporary of Isidorus [9]. His origin ("Land north or south of the Pyrenees" [9.15; 12]) and the area in which he worked (Ireland: [5; 11]; England: [7]; cf. in contrast [10]) are disputed. It may be that VM was a converted Jew ([9.14f.], otherwise [8.22-26; 11.56-61]). Works: (1) Commentarii de mundi creatione adversus paganos ('On Creation against the pagans'; Epist. 7,4); and (2/3) twelve or fifteen instructional l…

Urbanus

(82 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] M. Damatius U., author of a (4th-cent. AD) commentary on the poems of Vergilius, which deals with earlier commentators (Cornutus [4], Velius [3] Longus) and - in addition to Carminius and Donatus [3] - constitutes the foundation of Servius's [2] commentary; its influence on Servius is likely to have exceeded the 11 quotations that survive. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht Bibliography S. Timpanaro, Per la storia della filologia virgiliana antica, 1986, 129-134 R. Kaster, Guardians of Language, 1988, 438 P. L. Schmidt, in: HLL 5, § 526.3.

Valerius

(11,988 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Et al.
Name of an old patrician family, which was said to have immigrated to Rome under King T. Tatius with V. [I 10] (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,46). The name, derived from the old personal name Valesus/ Valerus, was originally Valesios (cf. V. [I 7]; CIL XII p. 298g: Valesies; Fest. 22; Varro, Rerum divinarum fr. 66 Cardauns [4; 5]); the censor App. Claudius [I 2] introduced the new spelling in 312 BC (cf. Dig. 1,2, 2,36). Because in Antiquity the name was derived (etymologically correctly) from valere, 'to be strong', it was considered to be a good omen ( boni ominis nomen, Cic. Div. 1,102; Cic. Sca…

Titius

(1,112 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
Roman family name, derived from the praenomen Titus II., recorded only in the 1st cent. BC; the bearers of the name are usually not related to each other. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] T., C. Equestrian, orator and poet, 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC Roman equestrian of the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC, orator (Cic. Brut. 167) and poet (Fronto p. 15,13 ff. v.d. Hout). Although T. lacked theoretical education and frequent practice of delivering speeches, his own speeches distinguished themselves by their…

Valgius

(303 words)

Author(s): Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] [1] Valg(i)us Father-in-law (Cic. Leg. agr. 3,3) of Servilius [I 26] Rullus. Under Cornelius [I 90] Sulla V. had appropriated estates in Ager Hirpinus and in Casinum (ibid. 2,69; 3,8-14). He may be identical to the C. Quinctius Valgus recorded as patronus (D.) of the Hirpinian Aeclanum, as quinquennalis of a town near Frigento and as a duumvir of Pompeii and in Casinum (ILLRP 523; 565; 598; 645; 646). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) Bibliography P. Harvey, Socer Valgus, Valgii and C. Quinctius Valgus, in: E. Borza, R. Carrubba (eds.), Classics and the Classical Trad., 197…

Competitions, artistic

(3,335 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Paulsen, Thomas (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] I. Stage competitions Competitions, which included the   skēnḗ (the stage and the podium in front of it for the actor's appearance) in Greek theatre, that is dramatic performances. Originally, the skēnḗ was away from the orchḗstra ( Theatre I) and was used only for changing costumes and masks; it probably was not moved into the audience's view and integrated into the play until 458 BC with the ‘Orestia’ of  Aeschylus [1]. Nevertheless, early dramatic competitions are also thought to have been staged. Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) A. Greece [German version] 1. Developm…

Verrius

(729 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
Roman nomen gentile, perhaps of Etruscan origin (Schulze, 287), first recorded in the 1st cent. BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [1] M. V. Flaccus Latin grammarian, Augustan era [German version] I. Life V. was the leading grammarian of the generation after Varro [2], born in Praeneste after 60 BC. Suetonius' biography (Gram. 17) reveals competition with Varro: the freedman ( libertinus) V. stands in opposition to the Roman equestrian ( eques Romanus), the grammarian to the philosopher and poet ( philosophus et poeta), the politician and soldier. V. became famous through h…

Votienus Montanus

(165 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] Famous (Tac. Ann. 4,42,1) orator of the early Imperial period from Narbo (modern Narbonne). Accused in his home city by P. Vinicius [II 4], he had to answer to Tiberius [1] (Sen. Controv. 7,5,12); convicted in AD 25 of insulting the emperor (Tac. loc.cit.) and banished, he died in 27 (Jer. Chron. p. 173b H.) or later [3]. Despite his polemics against the fashion for declamationes (Sen. Controv. 9, pr. 9,6,10), V. was not able to entirely withdraw from the activities of the school, as citations in Seneca [1] the Elder show ( ibid. 9,1-6; 10,2-3). His style was considered s…

Vacca

(127 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] It is only from the 12th cent. onwards that traces of a V. as an expositor Lucani are found in a commentary on the poet Lucanus [1]. The scholia ascribed to him are characterized by mediaeval amplifications of earlier material. Therefore, not unlike Cornutus in the case of Phocas, Persius and Iuvenalis (cf. Cornutus [4]), V. cannot be considered either as an ancient commentator on Lucan or as the author of the Vita at the beginning of the Adnotationes super Lucanum ([1; 2]; contra [3]); we are probably dealing with a mediaeval mystification. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht Bibliog…

Terentianus Maurus

(183 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] African grammarian around the middle of the 3rd cent. AD (later, acc. to [4]), author of three didactic poems, dedicated to metre, in the tradition of the derivation theory (Caesius [II 8] Bassus): a) De litteris (v. 85-278; articulation of the letters of the alphabet), b) De syllabis (v. 279-1299; metrical qualities of letters and syllables), c) De metris (v. 1300-2981; on metre itself), according to [2. 566 f.] the praefatio (V. 1-84) also belonged to this. Other (lyrical?) poems are lost. The instructive poem, much used in late Antiquity, rema…

Togata

(348 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] Type of Roman comedy; unlike the variation later called palliata , it was not associated with Athens but with a Roman setting. By the term togata (= play with Roman private individuals in everyday dress; toga ), it is distinguished from praetexta (= action by persons in political/military official dress), cf. Hor. Ars P 288; Varro suggested to replace togata with tabernaria and to use it as a collective term for all plays in a Roman setting [2], but this usage did not gain general acceptance (but cf.  Juv. 1,3). While Roman and Greek elements were used alike in the c…

Trabea

(230 words)

Author(s): Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] [1] Festal form of the toga Roman garment, a festal form of the toga , differing from it only in colour. It was dyed purple-red, with scarlet or white stripes ( clavi) and was worn on official occasion by equestrians and Salii [2]. Originally it was the dress of Roman kings and was then taken over by consuls, but they wore it only on special occasions (e.g. opening of the Temple of Janus). Other wearers of the trabea in the early period were the augures and the Flamines Dialis and Martialis (priests of Jupiter and Mars), who then wore the toga praetexta from the 3rd cent. BC onw…

Limes; Limes studies

(6,634 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht | Schallmayer, Egon
[English version] With its nearly 550 km, the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes is one of the most significant monuments of early history. Starting from Rheinbrohl, it crossed the present-day German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. The term Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes itself was introduced in the 19th cent., being derived from the Roman provinces of Germania Superior  and Rhaetia, whose eastern and northern borders respectively were reached by the Limes, after numerous changes, by the mid 2nd cent. Impressive remains of this Roman border…

Turpilius

(289 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] [1] Comic poet, 2nd cent. BC Roman comic poet in the palliata genre, younger contemporary of Terentius [III 1], died according to Hier. Chron. p. 148 Helm 104 BC. Fragments survive of 13 plays with uniformly Greek titles; his main source was Menander [4]. With Caecilius [III 6] and Terence, who was dramaturgically close to him, T. represents the increasingly Hellenizing and Classicizing development of palliata, whereas multiplicity of metre and colour of language separate him from the stylistic purity of Terence and rather link him to Plaut…

Varro

(7,114 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Sallmann, Klaus (Mainz) | Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht
[German version] [1] Mentioned in Josephus, Bl. Mentioned in Jos. BI 1,398 as ἡγεμών ( hēgemṓn) of Syria, c. 25-23 BC. Identification uncertain. Most recently [1. 17 f.]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 E. Da̧browa, The Governors of Roman Syria, 1998. [German version] [2] V. Terentius, M. (Reatinus) Roman polymath author, 116-27 BC The most important Roman polymath author. M. Terentius Varro: Works     No. (in text)     Title (Latin)     English title or subject    State of preservation1     Edition; Testimonia; Catalogus Hieronymi2 (=  C)     1 (II 5)     Aetia     Ori…

Valerianus

(929 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht | Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) | Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) | Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] [1] Q. Cornelius V. Author of an antiquarian compilation, 1st cent. Roman equestrian of the 1st cent. AD (probably c.45 praef. vexillariorum in Thracia). Author of an antiquarian compilation mentioned by Plinius [1] (Pliny the Elder) as source of books 3 (?), 8, 10, 14 and 15 of his Naturalis historia, and quoted at 3,108 (?), 10,5 and 14,11. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht Bibliography PIR2 C 1471. [German version] [2] P. Licinius V. Roman emperor 253-260, born 199 (thus the gist of Ioh. Mal. 12 p. 298; SHA Valer. 5,1 is false); from a noble family (Aur. V…
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