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[German version] Original Germanic can be reconstructed from the individual Germanic languages (GL). Like Latin and Greek, it belongs to the group of  Centum languages within the genetically related  Indo-European languages (e.g. Lat. fer-o, Greek φέρ-ω; phérō, ‘carry, bear’, Gothic baír-an ‘carry, give birth to’, Old High German ber-an ‘give birth to’). The transition to proto-Germanic as a preliminary stage of the individual GL was probably completed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Proto-Germanic ( …

(ὁ Ἔρυξ/ ho Éryx, Lat. Eryx, Erucus, Erycus). [German version] [1] Mountain in western Sicily High, isolated mountain in western Sicily (751 m), now Monte San Giuliano. Settled even in prehistoric times, with a famous sanctuary to the probably Phoenician goddess of E., identified as Aphrodite by the Greeks, later (Thuc. 6,2,3) became a polis of the  Elymaeans. The attempt by Dorieus to establish a Greek colony (around 510 BC) ended in his destruction by the Phoenicians and the Elymaeans of Segesta (Hdt. 5,43-4…

(τριετηρίς, trietērís, feminine adjective). Literally 'third-yearly', i.e. occurring every third year, according to the modern way of counting 'every two years'. [German version] [1] (t. periodos) see Chronography trietērìs períodos (τ. περίοδος, 'intercalation cycle') see Chronography. Ziegler, Konrat (Göttingen) [German version] [2] Biennial festival trietērìs heortḗ, (τ. ἑορτή). A festival with games taking place every two years, e.g. the Isthmia, the Nemea [3], the Eleusinia and the Nicephoria for Athena in Pergamum. Ziegler Bibliography K. Hanell, s. v. T. (1), R…

[German version] (Κριμισός). River in West Sicily ( Crinis(s)us, Verg. Aen. 5,38; Crinisos, Vibius Sequester 1,44), at which  Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians in 340/339 BC (Plut. Timoleon 25 with Diod. Sic. 19,2,8). Also, one of the rivers in Segesta (Fiume Freddo, Belice destro, Belice sinistro) as is suggested by the legend that the river god C. begat  Aegestus with the Trojan woman Egesta (Verg. Aen. 5,36ff.). O…

[German version] (Κάμικος; Kámikos). Town (and river) near  Acragas on Sicily. According to legend (Diod. Sic. 4,78f.), it was there that  Daedalus built a rocky fortress for the Sicanian king Cocalus, on whose orders Minos was murdered there, when…

(Μαρσύας; Marsýas). [German version] [1] Phrygian rivergod and Celaenae's god of protection Phrygian river god and Celaenae's god of protection, represented as satyr or silenus. The name is derived from a toponym that can be found repeatedly throughout Asia Minor and Syria; the river, at the source of which Celaenae lies, also carries this name (M. [5]). M. was considered the discoverer of flute playing ( aulós), the inventor of the bandage used for flute playing ( phorbeiá) and of songs for the worship of the goddess Cybele. According to the myth, the possibility to pla…

(literally 'rod'). [German version] [1] Weaving device (κερκίς/ kerkís). In weaving (Textiles, production of), the device with which the weft thread was introduced to the opened 'compartment', and hence by which the threads of the chain were separated, was probably originally an elongated rod around which the weft thread was wound. Later, the weaving shuttle, which adopted the name, was used for this. The coil located in the shuttle was called πηνίον/ pēníon, πήνη/ pḗnē, Lat. panus (cula), panuvellium [1. vol. 1, 151 ff.; 2. 192 ff.]. Groß, Walter Hatto (Hamburg) Bibliography 1 Blümn…

(Κολοφῶν; Kolophôn). [German version] [1] City in Lydia This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Colonization | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Delian League | Education / Culture Ionian city (Str. 14,1,3-5; Paus. 7,3,1-4) in Lydia, c. 13 km north of the harbour of  Notion. Ruins (acropolis, theatre, thermal baths) near today's Değirmendere. Temporarily at war with the Lydian kings, C. enjoyed great prosperity in the 7th/6th cents. BC (Aristot. Pol. 4,1290 b 15) and was notorious for its ‘opulence’ (Ath. 12,524b; 526a wit…

[German version] Town on the Sicilian south coast 20 km southeast of Marsala at the mouth of the river of the same name, modern Mazara del Vallo, probably a Phoenician foundation. After the foundation of Selinus, the Mazara river was the border to Motya (later Lilybaeum) and Segesta and was therefore much disputed. In 409 BC, the town was conquered by Hannibal [1] on the march to Selinus (Diod. Sic. 13,54,6), and early in the First Punic War it was destroyed by the Romans (23,9,4) but continued…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Natural catastrophes (Κατάνη; Katánē, Lat. Catina). City on the east coast of Sicily on the fertile plain south of the volcano Mount  Etna [1], modern Catania; it was founded in 729 BC by Chalcidians who had some years previously settled in Naxos. In the 2nd half of the 6th cent., the lawgiver  Charondas was active in C; the town was visited by  Ibycus and  Xenophanes;  Stesichorus died there. In the 1st half of…

[German version] (Κεφαλοίδιον, Κεφαλοιδίς; Kephaloídion, Kephaloidís, Cephaloedium). Town on a cape of the northern coast of Sicily, modern Cefalù, repeatedly mentioned in conjunction with  Dionysius [1] I and  Agathocles [2] (Diod. Sic. 14,56,2; 78,7; 20,56,3; 77,3), captured by the Romans in 254 BC during the First Punic War (Diod. Sic. 23,18,3), subsequently a civitas decumana. Plundered by Verres (Cic. Verr. 2,2,128; 3,103). Archaeology: Remains of archaic fortifications; on the acropolis a ‘Temple of Diana’ in pre-Greek layout. Copious coin co…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Dark Ages | Ionic | Colonization | Persian Wars | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κλαζομεναί; Klazomenaí). Ionian town in Lydia on the south shore of the Gulf of Smyrna, near modern Urla, founded by  Colophon, assaulted by  Alyattes (Hdt. 1,16). For fear of the Persians, it relocated to the offshore island, which Alexander the Great later linked to the mainland by a causeway (Paus. 7,3,8f.). Clazomenae had a treasury in Delphi, was a me…

[German version] [1] Daughter of Creon (Μεγάρα/ Megára, Μεγάρη/ Megárē). Daughter of Creon [1] of Thebes, wife of Heracles [1] (Hom. Od. 11,269-270), who had received her hand in thanks for the liberation of Thebes from tribute to Erginus, and mother of some of the Heraclidae. Whereas the Thebans according to Paus. 9,11,2 tell of the insane Heracles' infanticide (on his insanity Cypria p. 40,28f. PEG) as nothing other than what Stesichorus (= 230 PMGF) and Panyassis (= fr. 1 PEG) relate, the version of P…