, founder of the “Sayyid” dynasty which ruled at Dihlī from 817/1414 to 855/1451. His designation as a sayyid is traced in the near-contemporary Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak S̲h̲āhī firstly to a remark hagiologically attributed to the Ṣūfī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī, and secondly to his own excellent character, and has been accepted by later historians like Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad, Badāʾūnī and Firis̲h̲ta; but this has been regarded as dubious by modern British and South Asian historians. The other nearcontemporary source, Bihāmad K̲h̲ānī’s Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Muḥammadī (comp…

(or k̲h̲izr in India), is in many part of India identified with a river-god or spirit of wells and streams. He is mentioned in the Sikandar-nāma as the saint who presided over the well of immortality. The name was naturalised in India, and Hindus as well as Muslims reverence him; it is sometimes converted by Hindus into Rād̲j̲a Ḳidār. On the Indus the saint is often identified with the river, and he is sometimes to be seen as an old man clothed in green. A man who escapes drowning is spoken of as evading K̲h̲wād̲j̲a K̲h̲izr (Temple, Legends of the Panjāb , i, 221). In a po…

(in Turkish, Hidrellez), is the name, in Turkish tradition, of a popular festival in the spring and celebrated on the 5-6 May, this date being considered as marking the beginning of the season of summer, extending from then till 7 November ( Kasim ). The two dates correspond respectively with the feastdays of St. George (23 April) and St. Demetrius (26 October). K̲h̲iḍr (Tkish. Hizir) also symbolises in Turkish tradition the renewal of vegetation in the spring. It is believed that, when this personage shows himself upon the face of the earth, the dry veget…

, Ottoman scholar and poet of the 9th/15th century, and the first ḳāḍī of Istanbul. The unique source for his biography is the Arabic original of al-S̲h̲akāʾiḳ al-nuʿmāniyya by Tas̲h̲köprüzāde who, however, distorts the chronology of an otherwise convincing account of his career by an implausible anecdote which would place his first important appointment as late as the beginning of the reign of Meḥemmed II ( ca. 855/1451). Disregarding this, and an equally suspect interpolation made by Med̲j̲dī in his translation of the work in which his mother is identified a…

, the name of a popular figure, who plays a prominent part in legend and story. Al-K̲h̲aḍir is properly an epithet (“the green man”); this was in time forgotten and this explains the secondary form K̲h̲iḍr (approximately “the green”), which in many places has displaced the primary form. (i) In the Ḳurʾān and in oriental legend Legends and stories regarding al-K̲h̲aḍir are primarily associated with the Ḳurʾānic story in Sūra XVIII, 59-81, the outline of which is as follows. Mūsā goes on a journey with his servant ( fatā ), the goal of which is the mad̲j̲maʿ al-baḥrayn . …

[see al-k̲h̲aḍir b. al-ḥusayn ].

, "the green", a vulgar form currently used in North Africa for the personal name al-Ḵh̲iḍr [ q.v.]. Various santons, especially at Constantine, are known by this name.

, 27th ruler of the Dihlī sultanate, was the son of Maḥmūd Ḵh̲ān Lodī and a cousin of Mallū Iḳbāl K̲h̲ān. Native Persian chroniclers say nothing about the early ¶ history of this Afg̲h̲ān nobleman of Dihlī who emerged as a dominant figure during the early years of the 9th/15th century when Tug̲h̲luḳid authority was on the verge of dissolution. He served Sulṭān Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd II, the last ruler of the dynasty, both as private secretary with the title ʿAzīz al-Mamālik (“Great one of the State”) and as military governor of the Dōʾāb. On the death of the Sulṭān in 815/1412, the amīrs …

, Indian military leader of the Tug̲h̲luḳ period. The decade of decadence following the death of Sultan Fīrūz S̲h̲āh of Dihlī in 790/1388 is marked by the manoeuvrings of the princes, intrigues of the nobles and sufferings of the people. According to Firis̲h̲ta, the vast kingdom of the Tug̲h̲luḳs fell to pieces and the central administration lost all authority over the outlying provinces. Confusion reached such a point that there occurred an unprecedented spectacle of two sovereigns within a radius of 1…

, a dynasty of Indo-Muslim kings in Dihlī which followed the Tug̲h̲luḳs and preceded the Lodīs [ q.vv.] and ruled over Dihlī for about 37 years (817-55/1414-51). Four rulers, K̲h̲iḍr K̲h̲ān (817-24/1414-21), Mubārak S̲h̲āh (824-37/1421-34), Muḥammad b. Farīd (837-47/1434-43) and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿĀlam S̲h̲āh (847-55/1443-51), belonged to this dynasty. Their claim of Sayyid descent seems to have been shrewdly fabricated in order to buttress their position in the absence of any racial or oligarchic support. The contemporary author of Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak-S̲h̲āhī …

The Elurā (Ellora) caves, near Dawlatābād [ q.v.], appear in the history of Muslim India only as the scene of the capture of the Gud̲j̲arāt princess Deval Devī, the future bride of Ḵh̲iḍr Ḵh̲ān [ q.v.], for ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī by Alp Ḵh̲ān. who had given his forces leave to visit the cave temples (Firis̲h̲ta, Lucknow lith., i, 117). These caves were justly famous and were described by some early travellers, e.g., Masʿūdī, iv, 95, copied with much distortion of names by Ḳazwīnī, cf. Gildemeister, Scriptorum Arabutn de rebus Indicis , text 79, trans. 221; Musl…

, St. George. Islam honours this Christian martyr as a symbol of resurrection and renovation; his festival marks the return of spring. The legend of St. George had become syncretic long before the days of Islam, for we can recognize in St. George overthrowing the dragon a continuation of Bellerophon slaying the Chimaera. Bellerophon himself was symbolic of the Sun scattering the darkness, or of spring driving away the mists and fogs of winter. ¶ According to Muslim legend, D̲j̲ird̲j̲īs lived in Palestine in the time of the disciples, and was martyred at Mosul under the…

, a Türkmen dynasty that ruled a principality located around the Gulf of Antalya from ca. 708/1308 to 826/1423. The origin and date of appearance of the Tekeog̲h̲ullari̊ are obscure. According to Yazi̊d̲j̲i̊-og̲h̲lu ʿAlī, they were descended from the Igdir Türkmen who were one of the tribes constituting the üč oḳ branch of the Og̲h̲uz ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i āl-i Sald̲j̲ūḳ , written 827/1423-4 or 840/1436-7 and based on Ibn Bībī’s al-Awāmir al-ʿAlāʾiyya , ¶ Turkish text ed. Houtsma, Leiden 1902, 88, 322). When Kay K̲h̲usraw I, the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultan of Rūm, conquered Antalya in…

is the name given in the Ḳurʾān (VI, 85 and XXXVII, 123, with a variant Ilyāsīn, perhaps prompted by the rhyme, in verse 130), to the Biblical prophet Elijah; the form Ilyās derives from ’Ελιας, a Hellenized adjustment, but attested also in Syrian and Ethiopic, of the Hebrew name Eliyāh (ū): cf. Jos. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen , 81, 99, 101. In the Ḳurʾān, the figure of Ilyās scarcely shows any outstanding features, except for one allusion (in XXXVII, 125) to the worship of Baal. In the Muslim legend related by later au…

( kestelī , kestellī ), muṣliḥ al-dīn muṣṭafā , Ottoman theologian and Ḥanafī jurist, d. 901/1495-6. He was a native of Kestel (Latin Castellum ), a village near Bursa, where later in his career he built a mosque; from this village comes his nisba of Kestel(l)ī or, more grandiloquently, Ḳasṭallānī. He studied at Bursa under the famous scholar K̲h̲iḍr Beg, mudarris at the Sulṭān madrasa there, and after concluding his legal and theological studies became himself a teacher in Mudurnu, in the Urud̲j̲ Pas̲h̲a madrasa at Dimetoḳa (Demotica), and then in one of Meḥemmed II’s newly-fo…

, an old Ottoman noble family. This family traced its descent to the feudal lord Köse Mīk̲h̲āl ʿAbd Allāh, originally a Greek (cf. F.-A. Geuffroy, in Ch. Schefer, Petit traicte de l’origine des Turcqz par Th. Spandouyn Cantacasin , Paris 1696, 267: L’ung desdictz Grecz estoit nommé Michaeli … Dudict Michali sont descenduz les Michalogli ), who appears in the reign of ʿOt̲h̲mān I as lord of Chirmenkia (K̲h̲irmend̲j̲ik) at the foot of Mount Olympus near Edrenos, and later as an ally of the first Ottoman ruler earned great merit for his share in aiding the latter’s expansion (cf. J. von Hammer, in G…

(or alyasaʿ ) b. uk̲h̲ṭūb (or yak̲h̲tūb ), the biblical prophet Elisha. The Ḳurʾān mentions him twice (vi, 86 and xxxviii, 46, second Meccan period) together with other apostles of Allāh, without special comment. The Arabs have considered the first syllable as the article (discussion of variant ¶ readings in al-Ṭabarī, Tafsīr , vii, 156 ff.). Muslim tradition identifies Alīsaʿ with the son of the widow who sustained Elijah during the famine (I Kings xvii, 9 ff.). This son, a paralytic, was cured by Ilyās (Elijah) and became …

, the name of two of the Dihlī sultans of mediaeval India. 1. Maḥmūd I, Nāṣir al-Din was the son of Iltutmis̲h̲ (Firis̲h̲ta, i, 70-1; Minhād̲j̲-i Sirād̲j̲ D̲j̲ūzd̲j̲ānī, i, 471-2) and not his grandson, as some modern historians have asserted. He ascended the throne on 23 Muḥarram 644/10 June 1246 through the joint efforts of Balban [ q.v. in Suppl.], and Maḥmūd’s mother. Since Maḥmūd was weak and of a retiring disposition, devoting himself “to prayers and religious observances”, and he owed his throne to Balban, the latter became very powerful. He fur…

, a generally imprecisely defined region of India to the south and south-west of Dihlī, the broken country around Alwar, Tid̲j̲ārā, Bharatpur, Dīg, Rēwāŕī, Mathurā and Gurgāʾōn, “land of the Mēʾō” [ q.v.], robbers, marauders and cattle thieves. Punitive excursions under Iltutmis̲h̲, ca. 620/1223, and Balban as nāʾib of Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd in 646/1249 and 658/1260, had only a temporary effect, and Mēwāt was not effectively pacified and controlled until Balban’s first regnal year as sultan, 665/1267 (full account in Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī, Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Fīrūz S̲h̲āhī …

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muṣliḥ al-Dīn b. Muṣṭafā, the head of an Ottoman Ṣūfī order and saint. Merkez Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Mūsā b. Muṣṭāfā b. Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ b. Had̲j̲dar belonged to the village of Ṣari̊ Maḥmūdlu in the Anatolian district of Lād̲h̲ikiyya. He was at first a pupil of the Mollā Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, son of Ḵh̲iḍr Beg [ q. v.], and later of the famous Ḵh̲alwatī S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Sünbül Sinān Efendi, founder of the Sünbüliyya, a branch of the Ḵh̲alwatiyya, head of the monastery of Ḳod̲j̲a Muṣṭāfā Pas̲h̲a in Istanbul (see Bursali̊ Meḥmed Ṭāhir, ʿOt̲h̲mānli müʾellifleri , i, 78-9). When th…