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Landschaft (Holy Roman Empire)
(798 words)
Landschaft (German, “territoriality”) in the Holy Roman Empire was a correlate of political authority, the term being attested in this sense from the 14th century until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. The
Landschaft was corporative in character, and as such it denoted the totality of the
Landstände (“territorial estates”) of a territory immediate to the Empire. Additionally, where a territory lacked nobility and clergy as estates of the realm,
Landschaft could also denote the representatives (Representation) of subjects, in this case those in towns and…
Date:
2019-10-14
Manorialism
(2,886 words)
1. TerminologyThe term “manorialism” (also, “seigneurialism”; German:
Grundherrschaft) designates the medieval economic system that was based on individual units of land known as “manors” or “seigneuries,” each of which was subject to a “lord of the manor” or “seigneur” (German:
Grundherr). Modern medieval historians view the rise of manorialism in the early Middle Ages as a key factor in the peculiar development of Europe. Its effective organization of labor, which combined seigneurial self-sufficiency (“Salic patrimony”) centered o…
Date:
2019-10-14
Communalism
(2,142 words)
1. DefinitionThe term
communalism was developed in the early 1980s as a scholarly term referring to a particular form of political order [2], triggering a critical debate [5] that led to its Europeanization and gave it a secure place in historiography [4]. The term serves to characterize the lifeworld shaped by local communities/communes in Old Europe. It is more precise than German
Gemeinde, recalling Latin
communitas (“community”) as a subset of
universitas (“totality”). Communalism in this sense has nothing in common with the sense of
communalism current in Cent…
Date:
2019-10-14
Landscape
(2,554 words)
1. Cultural phenomenonAs a cultural phenomenon, the landscape is a complex “integral system” [2. 14], in which looking at, depicting, and feeling the landscape are as important as its design and ecology (see below, 2.). Landscape in the early modern period (the word “landscape” itself was originally borrowed into English from Dutch
landschap in its artistic sense, extending to the wider sense in the 19th century; Landscape painting) was closely related to the concepts of garden and nature, which together reflect two different ideas and structura…
Date:
2019-10-14
