Author(s):
Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
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Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
(Ἤπειρος;
Ḗpeiros, Epirus) [German version] I. Region E. is located at the north-western fringe of the Greek cultural sphere, nowadays comprising northern Greece and southern Albania. From Homer (8th cent. BC) to the late 5th cent., the geographical term ἤπειρος (
ḗpeiros) referred to the mainland north of the Gulf of Ambracia. There is a wide variation in the attribution of individual tribes to E. both in ancient and modern literature, making it impossible clearly to define E.'s geographic expansion [1]. E. was bordered in the west by the Ionian Sea, its southern border (to the Acarnanians and Amphilochi) was the Gulf of Ambracia, and its eastern one to the Macedonians ( Macedonia), Thessalians, and Athamanes ( Athamania) the high mountains of the Pindus range, passable only in a few places; its northern border is taken to be the Aous and the Acroceraunian Mountains, but both culturally and linguistically, the boundaries to the Illyrians in the transitory area of Amantia and Byllis are fluid. West to east communication within E. is very restricted, because the region is dissected from NNW to SSE by four mighty limestone and flysch mountain ranges, with a height of up to 2,633 m. The rivers in the mountainous regions are not navigable, even though they carry a lot of water because of the high level of precipitation; the Aous (mod. Vjosë) has its mouth in Albania, the Thyamis (Kalamas) in a sizeable delta opposite Corcyra, the Acheron south of the mod. Parga, and the Luros and Arachthus flow into the Gulf of Am…