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Vitta

(118 words)

Tutulus

(129 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (originally 'cap'). Roman head adornment in the form of a rounded cone ( meta). Tutulus was known as the hairstyle of the mater familias and the flaminica, and had, therefore, a function similar to the one of the galerus or the pileus of the pontifices and the flamines [1]. The term t utulus refers also to a high hairstyle with red ribbons, obtained by piling up the gathered hair in a conical form …

Stips

(131 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Latin 'monetary contribution', 'donation', but also 'minted coin' (Fest. 379; 412). In the cult of the Latin West, a stips is a monetary offering for a deity that was - like food and drink sacrifices (Sacrifice) and offerings of votive gifts - either placed on an altar or thrown into a special 'offertory box' ( Thesaurus ; Varro, Ling. 5,182). A stips was 1) given for the benefit of the temple coffer; 2) submerged in water (e.g. Suet. Aug. 57); 3) buried (e.g. Tac. Ann. 4,53). Numerous inscriptions record this practice. Repairs in or of sanctuaries were finance…

Pulvinar

(127 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Latin for 'cushion' or 'bed'. The cult image of a god was placed on a pulvinar during the foundation of a sanctuary and also later, on the anniversary of its foundation ( n atalis templi ); according to Serv. Georg. 3,533, the word pulvinar may also refer to the sanctuary itself. The

Hasta

(1,030 words)

Author(s): Campbell, J. Brian (Belfast) | Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) | Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover) | Salomone Gaggero, Eleonora (Genoa) | Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) | Et al.
[German version] [1] Hasta, hastati In the Roman army of the middle Republic, the hasta served primarily as a thrust lance for close combat although it could also be thrown; it had a wooden shaft and an iron point. The hasta was adapted to the fighting style of the  phalanx, but it remained in use when, in the 4th cent. BC, the Romans adopted a more flexible set-up in maniples (  manipulus ). According to Livy (Liv. 8,8,5-13), whose account, however, is not without its problems, in 340 BC the Roman army consisted of three battle rows, the hastati, the principes and the triarii. The triarii were a…

Lituus

(180 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] …

Immolatio

(950 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] is the Latin term for the event of sacrifice, the sacrificial act, in contrast to the sacrificial offering (fruit, bread, wine) or the sacrificial animal ( hostia). Sacrifice was one of the simplest ways to express oneself towards a deity in the private and state cult of Rome. The Latin expression immolatio describes this act; original meaning: sprinkling the sacrificial animal with salted sacrificial spelt ( immolare = sprinkle with sacrificial meal, mola salsa; cf. Fest. 124 L.; Fest. 97 L. s.v. immolare; Serv. Aen. 10,541). Immolatio

Piaculum

(367 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] From Latin piare = pium reddere, 'cleanse', 'expiate' (Plaut. Men. 517; Varro, Ling. 6,30), later also 'reconcile' (Plaut. Asin. 506; Verg. Aen. 6,379). Piaculum denotes on the one hand the action leading to violation of the pax deorum and requiring expiation (Plaut. Truc. 223; Varro, Ling. 629) and on the other hand the ritual act of expiation for such an offence or the sacrificial animal used for this purpose (Cato Agr. 139). Since correct observation of instructions, acts and rules was an essential part of the exercise of Roman cults, there was a g…

Tensa

(116 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Sacral vehicle for pageants or gods, which were used, in connexion with a complex ritual (e.g. Cic. Har. resp. 11,23), for transporting images and attributes ( exuviae) of gods in the pompa circensis at the ludi circenses ( Circus II.) (cf.  Juv. 10,33-46). The tensae formed the conclusion of the  procession into the circus (procedure in the time of Augu…

Strena

(180 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Verdant branch(es), dates and figs, which in Rome were given as benedictions at the beginning of the year or arranged in front of the door of the house. A continuation of the Roman custom is the placing or exchanging of spring branches in front of the official residences of the

Turibulum

(72 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (from tus, 'incense', also thymiaterium). Roman portable metal apparatus on which grains of incense were burned in a Roman sacrifice. For pure incense or smoke sacrifices there was a small portable altar, called an acerra or an ara turicrema. Acerra

Fanum

(262 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (Etymology: *dhh1s-no-; but Oscan-Umbrian fēsnā < stressed form *dheh1s- [1]). Generic expression for the holy place ( locus sacer, Liv. 10,37,15) consecrated to the deity by the pontifices (Varro, Ling. 6,54; Fest. 78 L.;   pontifex ). Initially designating the location without regard for the form and function of the cult site contained within the sacred precincts (e.g. grove, spring, cave, temple, altar etc.). Later, fanum really comes to mean only the ancient sanctuary as opposed to the temple ( aedis) as an architectural entity. Attempts to differentiate fanum fr…

Tripudium

(75 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] In the auspicia ex tripudiis interpretations were made of the feeding behaviour of  hens (Cic. Div. 1,27; 1,77; 2,71-73). If feed fell to the ground when they were eating it was interpreted as a positive sign, if the birds hung back, cried out or turned away from the food as a negative one. Augures; Divination …

Inauguratio

(234 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] In the actual sense ‘the beginning’, cf. also inaugurare: ‘employ auguries’, ‘question divinatory birds’; ‘consecrate’. In Roman religious law, inauguratio is the priestly inauguration into office that has been applied from historically tangible time only for the   flamines maiores ( Dialis: Gai. Inst. 1,130; 3,114; Liv. 27,8,4; 4…

Equus October

(262 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] ( October equus). A chariot race was held every year on the Ides of October on the  Campus Martius in Rome (Fest. 190 L.; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 97), and the right-hand horse of the victorious team (but cf. [2]) killed. The horse's head was (previously?) wrapped in bread ( panibus) or ─ if we follow the conjecture in [5] ─ with cloths ( pannibus). After the animal had been killed with spears, the inhabitants of the Roman quarters of Via Sacra and Subura fought for the head, which was then either carried to the  Regia (Via Sacra) or hung from the turris Mamilia (Subura), while the tail…

Licium

(351 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] …

Sellisternium

(137 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Comparable with the Roman banquet of the gods called the lectisternium. According to ancient table manners (men reclined on beds, women sat), at the sellisternium statuettes of the goddesses were placed on sellae (chairs, stools) and a meal was offered to them. Sellisternia are pa…

Supplicatio

(311 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] ('Ceremony of supplication'or 'propitiation' or 'thanksgiving'). In Roman religion, supplicatio denoted in the wider sense an offering of wine and incense ( ture ac vino supplicare), and in the narrower sense a ceremony of the commonwealth arranged by the authorities. Such supplicationes were recommended in emergencies by the quindecimviri sacris faciundis upon consulting the Sibyllini libri , and by the pontifices or the haruspices , and were approved by the Senate. There was a distinction between supplicationes of supplication and expiation on the one ha…

Tubilustrium

(126 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Roman civic festival of the 'cleaning of the trumpets' ( tubi or tubae), which was celebrated on 23 March and 23 May. The March date was considered as feriae (holiday) for Mars (InscrIt 13,2,104; 123), the May date as feriae for Volcanus (InscrIt 13,2, 57 and 187). The doubling of the tubilustrium in May is still unclear (but see [1. 219-221]). During these days, the trumpets were cleaned in the Atrium Sutorium and then used for cultic activities ( sacra: Varro, Ling. 6,14; cf. InscrIt 13,2, 123; Fest. 480 et passim) -- according to modern interpretation for summoning…

Suovetaurilia

(272 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] also Suovitaurilia. The combination, traditional in Roman religion, of three sacrificial animals - pig ( sus), sheep ( ovis) and bull ( taurus) - that were led, as part of ritual purification (Lustratio), round a place (e.g. a piece of land: Cato Agr. 141; [1. 103-125]) or group of people to be lustrated, and subsequently sacrificed. A distinction was made between suovetaurilia lactentia or minora (piglet, lamb and calf: Cato Agr. 141) and adult suovetaurilia maiora (e.g. boar, ram, bull: Varro Rust. 2,1,10; cf. Plin. HN 8,206). The suovetaurilia seem originally to …

Sacellum

(117 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (“small sanctuary”). Diminutive form of the Latin sacrum. Distinct from it was the sacrarium, the storage room for the sacred gear ( sacra supellex), which did not necessarily have to be consecrated (Consecratio). Sacellum could describe public Roman cult sites consisting of an open altar with an enclosure (Trebatius in Gell. NA 7,12,5; cf. Fest. 422 L.), as well as private sanctuaries. It had the form of a chapel, with the divine image standing in a niche ( aedicula

Lectisternium

(460 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (Etym.: Lat. lectum sternere, ‘to prepare a couch’). To serve the gods, food for the gods: a very old form of sacrifice in which a meal was laid out on a table for the god who was lying on a feasting couch in the temple (cf. Iovis epulum ). …

Transvectio equitum

(365 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Parade of the iuventus of Roman equites on 15 July. Its route led from the Temple of Mars to the Porta Capena, the Temple of Castor and Pollux, and up to the Temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus on the  Capitolium (sources: Liv. 9,46,15; Vir. ill. 32,2). There are mythical/cultic and constitutional versions of the origins of this institution, whose beginnings can be traced to the 4th cent. BC. The first is connected with the help given by the Dioscuri in the ba…

Litatio

(188 words)

Sistrum

(137 words)

Troiae lusus

(366 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (the so-called 'Game of Troy'; also referred to as lusus puerorum equestris, Troicus lusus, Troiae decursio or simply Troia). An Ancient Italian battle game on horseback for boys and adolescents. Etymologically derived from Lat. a…

Verbena

(208 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (usually pl. verbenae, original meaning 'sacred branch'). Latin collective term for all fresh branches and herbs used in the Roman religion during ritual practices, the main feature being their evil-resisting and purifying effect. There is no evidence to identify V. with a particular herb; the sources mention different herbs: rosemary (Serv. Aen. 12,120), myrtle (Serv. ibidem; Plin. HN 15,119), laurel (Serv. ibd.) or olive (Serv. Ecl. 8,65); probably, the verbenaca was often meant (both Latin terms cannot be clearly separated). V…

Fictores

(118 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (‘moulders of sacrificial cakes’, bakers). They assisted the   pontifices ( fictores pontificum: CIL VI 1074; 10247) and the Vestals ( fictores virginum Vestalium: CIL VI 786; 2134; Varro, Ling. 7,44, Cic. Dom. 139), their office, according to Ennius (Ann. 115), dated back to Numa. The fictores baked the sacrificial cakes ( liba) ─ a task which they may have taken over from the Vestal virgins ─ and sometimes they were also present at the sacrifices themselves. Cf. strufertarii (Fest. 85 L.), who offered   strues and fertum. …

Os resectum

(142 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] ('cut-off bone'). Object of a Roman ritual practised after the change from burial to cremation. According to the Roman ius pontificum, going back to Numa Pompilius, which in fact fo…

Strues

(121 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] Roman sacrificial cake (Fest. 408), always mentioned in conjunction with fertum; these two kinds of sacred pastries are not identical, but in their context are hard to distinguish. Only Cato (Agr. 134 and 141) differentiates: strues for Ianus, fertum for Iuppiter. The Flamen Dialis had to have boxes with these two cakes constantly hanging on the bedposts (Gell. NA 10,15,14). Strues were used in sacrifice to expiate lightning-struck trees by means of  so-called strufertarii (Paul. Fest. 75…

Infula

(236 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[German version] (Woollen) band with various uses. Together with garlands, the infulae are the most commonly used items of decoration in Roman worship: on sacrificial animals, sacred buildings, sometimes also altars (Fest. 100 L.). They are also used to decorate houses on the occasion of a wedding (Luc. 2,355; Plin. HN 29,30; Serv. Aen. 4,458). As a component of priestly vestments (head band [1]), the infula is a diadem-like band from the ends of which tassels ( vittae) hang down on both sides, sometimes of red and white threads, sometimes subdivided into individual segments ( astraga…

Fictores

(115 words)

Lituus

(152 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] [1] Stab aus Holz oder Metall als Amtsinsignie Gekrümmter oder spiralförmig endender Stab aus Holz oder Metall, etr.-ital. Herkunft. Im polit. Sinne urspr. Amtsinsigne des Königs (Serv. Aen. 7,187), später Symbol imperatorischer Macht, Wahrzeichen des Princeps. Von größerer Bed. ist l. als Kultgerät und Insigne der Auguren ( augures ), die ihn zur Bezeichnung der Himmelsregionen bzw. des templum…

Oktoberpferd

(249 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] ( October equus). An den Iden des Oktober wurde alljährlich auf dem Campus Martius in Rom ein Wagenrennen abgehalten (Fest. 190 L.; Plut. qu. R. 97) und das rechte Pferd des siegreichen Zweigespanns (vgl. aber [2]) getötet. Der Kopf des Pferdes wurde (zuvor?) mit Broten ( panibus) oder - folgt man der Konjektur von [5] - mit Tüchern ( pannibus) umwunden. Nach der Tötung des Tiers durch Speerwurf kämpften die Bewohner der röm. Stadtteile von Via Sacra und Subura um den Kopf, der anschließend entweder in die Regia (Via Sacra) gebracht oder an die turris Mamilia (Subura) gehä…

Piaculum

(342 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] Von lat. piare = pium reddere, “reinigen”, “sühnen” (Plaut. Men. 517; Varro ling. 6,30), dann auch “versöhnen” (Plaut. Asin. 506; Verg. Aen. 6,379). P. bezeichnet zum einen die zur Verletzung der pax deorum führende, eine Sühnung erfordernde Handlung (Plaut. Truc. 223; Varro ling. 629), zum anderen den rituellen Akt der Sühnung eines solchen Verstoßes bzw. das zu diesem Zweck verwendete Opfertier (Cato agr. 139). Da die korrekte Einhaltung von Vorschriften, Handlungen und Regeln zum wesentlichen Bestandteil röm. Kultausübung gehörte, war die …

Pulvinar

(106 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] Lat. “Kissen” oder “Bett”. Auf dem p. wird bei der Gründung eines Heiligtums und später am Stiftungstag ( natalis templi ) das Götte…

Fanum

(246 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (Etym.: *dhh1s-no-; aber osk.-umbr. fēsnā < Vollstufe *dheh1s- [1]). Allg. Ausdruck für den hl., der Gottheit von den pontifices (Varro ling. 6,54; Fest. 78 L.) geweihten Ort ( locus sacer, Liv. 10,37,15). Zunächst Bezeichnung für die Örtlichkeit ohne Rücksicht auf die Form und Funktion der sich im hl. Bezirk befindlichen Kultstätte (z.B. Hain, Quelle, Höhle, Tempel, Altar o.ä.). Später bedeutet f. eigentlich nur noch das altertümliche Heiligtum im Gegensatz zum Tempel ( aedis) im architektonischen Sinne. Versuche einer Abgrenzung zu delubrum

Sacellum

(103 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (“kleines Heiligtum”). Diminutiv zu lat. sacrum. Hiervon zu unterscheiden ist das sacrarium, der Aufbewahrungsraum für den sakralen Hausrat ( sacra supellex), das nicht unbedingt konsekriert sein mußte ( consecratio ). S. kann öffentliche röm. Kultstätten, die aus einem offenen Altar mit einer Einfriedung bestanden (Trebatius bei Gell. 7,12,5; vgl. Fest. 422 L.), aber auch private Heiligtümer bezeichnen. Es hat die Form einer Ka…

Litatio

(138 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (“glückliches Opfern”). Von lat. litare (zu griech. λιτή, “die Bitte”) = “erfolgreich opfern” (ohne Objekt) im Gegensatz zu sacrificare (“opfern”); in augusteischer Zeit schwindet der Unterschied zw. den als Synonymen gebrauchten Verben litare und sacrificare. L. ist ein Fachbegriff des röm. Pontifikalrechts (vgl. Serv. …

Licium

(305 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (eigentlich “Faden”, “Schnur”, “Band”). In röm. kult.-magischer Verwendung obliegt dem l. zweierlei Wirkung: es (ver-)bindet und (um-)schließt eine Sache oder Person. In seiner (ver-)bindenden Funktion wird es hauptsächlich im Liebeszauber verwendet (vgl. Verg. ecl. 8,73ff.). Mit dem l. wird aber auch der Abstimmungsbezirk bei Einberufungen des Volkes umschlossen (Varro ling. 6,86-88, 93 und 95; Paul. Fest. 100,11 L.). Geläufiger oder wichtiger ist es freilich in der (um-)schließenden Funktion, in der es apotropäisc…

Os resectum

(134 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (der “abgeschnittene Knochen”). Gegenstand eines röm. Rituals, das nach dem Wechsel von der Erd- zur Brandbestattung ausgeübt wurde. Nach dem auf Numa Pompilius zurückgeführten röm. ius pontificum, das die Brandbestattung eigentlich untersagte (Plut. Numa 22), galt ein Toter erst dann als ordnungsgemäß bestattet, wenn wenigstens ein vollständiges Körperteil gänzlich beigesetzt worden war (Cic. leg. 2,55; Varro ling. 5,23; Paul. Fest. 135 L.). Hintergrund ist die Idee, daß die Bestattung als Rückgabe des L…

Hasta

(959 words)

Author(s): Campbell, J. Brian (Belfast) | Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) | Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover) | Salomone Gaggero, Eleonora (Genua) | Petraccia Lucernoni, Maria Federica (Mailand) | Et al.
[English version] [1] Hasta, hastati Die hasta diente im röm. Heer während der mittleren Republik vor allem als Stoßlanze für den Nahkampf, obwohl sie auch geworfen werden konnte; sie hatte einen hölzernen Schaft und eine Eisenspitze. Die h. war der Kampfweise der Phalanx angepaßt, blieb aber im Gebrauch, als die Römer im 4. Jh. v.Chr. zur flexibleren Aufstellung in Manipeln ( manipulus ) übergingen. Nach Livius (Liv. 8,8,5-13), dessen Darstellung allerdings nicht unproblematisch ist, bestand das röm. Heer 340 v.Chr. aus drei Schlachtreihen, den hastati, den principes und den triar…

Infula

(224 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (Woll-)Binde mit vielseitiger Verwendung. Neben Girlanden ist die i. das am häufigsten verwendete Schmuckutensil im röm. sakralen Bereich: an Opfertieren, sakralen Gebäuden, teilweise auch Altären (Fest. 100 L.); sie ist auch Schmuck des Hochzeitshauses (Lucan. 2,355; Plin. nat. 29,30; Serv. Aen. 4,458). Als Bestandteil der Priestertracht (Kopfbinde [1]) ist die i. eine diademartige Binde, von der beiderseits der Enden Quasten ( vittae) herabhängen, teilweise zweifarbig aus roten und weißen Fäden gedreht, teilweise in einzelne Segmente (so…

Inauguratio

(228 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] Im eigentlichen Sinne “der Anfang”, vgl. auch inaugurare: “Augurien anstellen”, “Weissagevögel befragen”; “einweihen”. Im röm. Sakralrecht ist i. die priesterliche Amtseinführung, die seit histor. faßbarer Zeit nur bei den flamines maiores ( Dialis: Gai. inst. 1,130; 3,114; Liv. 27,8,4; 41,28,7; Martialis: Liv. 29,38,6; 45,15,10; Macr. Sat. 3,13,11), dem rex sacrorum (Labeo bei Gell. 15,27,1; Liv. 40,42,8) und den augures (Liv. 27,36,5; 30,26,10; 33,44,3; Cic. Brut. 1; Suet. Cal. 12,1), nicht aber bei den anderen Priesterschaften ( pontifices, Vestales) a…

Lectisternium

(381 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] (Etym.: lat. lectum sternere, “ein Bett ausbreiten”). Götterbewirtung, Göttermahl: sehr alte Form des Opfers, bei dem in einem Tempel der auf einem Speisesofa liegenden Gottheit auf einem Tisch eine Mahlzeit dargebracht wurde (vgl. Iovis epulum ). Dahinter steht die Vorstellung, daß bei jeder Mahlzeit die Götter ihren Anteil erhielten, d.h. direkt anwesend waren. Der Begriff l. wird nur in sakralem Zusammenhang verwendet. In erster Linie ist das l. Bestandteil des Graecus ritus, daher eine im griech. Gottesdienst weit verbreitete Form des Opfers; in…

Immolatio

(838 words)

Author(s): Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover)
[English version] ist die lat. Bezeichnung für den Vorgang des Opferns, die Opferhandlung, im Gegensatz zu der Opfergabe (Früchte, Brot, Wein) oder dem Opfertier ( hostia). Das Opfer war eines der einfachsten Arten, sich im röm. Privat- wie Staatskult gegenüber einer Gottheit zu äußern. Der lat. Ausdruck i. umschreibt diesen Vorgang; urspr. Bed.: das Bestreuen des Opfertieres mit gesalzenem Spelt, dem Opferdinkel ( immolare = mit Opfermehl, mola salsa, bestreuen; vgl. Fest. 124 L.; Fest. 97 L. s.v. immolare; Serv. Aen. 10,541). I. bezeichnet somit den Akt der Reinigung vor de…
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