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, a place on the Dnieper (according to Ibn Saʿīd, quoted in Abu ’l-Fidāʾ, Taḳwīm al-Buldān, ed. Reinaud and de Slane, p. 205), also located on other rivers e. g. on the Jaik (cf. Dorn, Caspia, p. 116) and on the Volga (according to Westberg; cf. Marquart, Osttürkische Dialektstudien, p. 56). It is situated in 67° E. Long, and 53° N. Lat.; a town , without yāʾ, is said to exist in 162° 30′ E. Long. and 40° 50′ N. Lat., but this must be another place. East of Saḳsīn lies the town of (v. l. ) which belongs to the territory of Saḳsīn (Abu ’l-Fidāʾ, op. cit., p. 202). According to Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am, iv. 670, the…

(p.), “King”, a. Etymological. The old Persian Ḵh̲s̲h̲āyat̲h̲iya is probably formed with a suffix from an unquotable substantive from the Old Iran, verbal root k̲h̲s̲h̲ay (meaning to “rule” etc.); cf. Sanskr. kṣayati = “he rules”, kṣayadvīra = “ruler of men (or heroes)”, an epithet of the gods in the Ṛgveda. From the same root comes Old Persian Ḵh̲s̲h̲at̲h̲(r)a (“kingdom”) = M. P. S̲h̲ahr; cf. s̲h̲ahryār (“king, ruler”) from an unquotable root k̲h̲s̲h̲āt̲h̲(r)aaāra. The word k̲h̲s̲h̲āyat̲h̲iya is therefore originally an adjective: it is found as such once in the Bīsut…

(t.), Heaven; God. In the eastern dialects the vocalisation is usually palatal: Čag̲h̲atāi, tängri (written ) and similar forms in the other dialects. The trisyllabic forms in Teleut ( täñärä) and in the Altai dialect ( täñäri) are worthy of note; the Kasan dialect has alongside of tängri (god) a word täri = image of a saint, ikon (we may here mention the proper name Täri-birdi, where täri of course means God). Ottoman Turkish has a non-palatal vocalisation ( tañri̊) as has Yakutic which has also in addition a trisyllabic form ( tañara). For the lexicographical material cf. Pavet de Cou…

(l) Name of the river of the district of S̲h̲āpūr Ḵh̲ūra in Fārs; also called Bis̲h̲āwur (in Thevenot: Suite du Voyage de Levant, Paris 1674, p. 295: Bouschavir; p. 296: Boschavir), and river of Tawwad̲j̲. It must be identical with the antique Granis, mentioned by Arrian, Indica, 39; Pliny: Nat. Hist., vi.. 99. The lower course, the proper river of Tawwad̲j̲, is formed by the junction of two streams, the S̲h̲āpūr and the Dalakī-Rūd, rising both on the S. W. border-mountains of the Īrān-plateau, which extend along the Persian Gulf. The upper cou…

(p.), an idolater. The word belongs to the poetical language, and is at present obsolete. In Asadī’s Lug̲h̲at al-Furs (ed. Horn, p. 104), it is explained: „butparast”, while quoting the following verse of Rudakī: „ butparastī girifta īm hama, īn d̲j̲ahān čun but ast u mā s̲h̲aman īm” [„We have all adopted idolatry; this world is like the idol, and we are idolater(s)”, or: „because this world is the idol, etc.”]. The same explanation is given in the Farhang-i S̲h̲uʿūrī (ii., fol. 132 verso) where besides the verse just mentioned (here reproduced in a somewhat altered, seemi…

, a place in the north-east of Persia (province of Ḵh̲urāsān), not far from the Afg̲h̲ān frontier; its position is approximately 61° East Long, and 35° N. Lat. It is a stage on the Mas̲h̲had-Herāt road (the distance from Turbat-i S̲h̲aik̲h̲-i Ḏj̲ām to Mas̲h̲had is about 96 miles, roughly half the distance between Mas̲h̲had and Herāt) and lies on a tributary of the Harīrūd. In the first half of the xixth century the number of houses was given at about 200 (Conolly, about 1830); towards the end of the century (1894) Yate put the number at about 250. The last named t…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḥasan b. Aḥmad al-ʿUnṣurī of Balk̲h̲, a Persian poet. The year of his birth is unknown and that of his death is variously given, the most probable date being 441 (1049—1050). Very little is known of his life. The matter, mainly anecdotes, recorded by the Persian literary historians is of very little value. According to a very late source, Riḍā Ḳulī Ḵh̲ān’s Mad̲j̲maʿ al-Fuṣaḥāʾ (Ṭeherān 1295, i. 355), he was captured by robbers while on a trading journey in his youth and deprived of all his goods. He was later brought by Amīr Naṣr, brother of Maḥ…

(a.), the Zoroastrians. The Greek word μάγοΣ (which itself renders an Īrānian word, cf. old-Persian magus̲h̲, new-Persian mug̲h̲) passed into Arabic through an Aramaic medium. According to the Arabic lexicographers, Mad̲j̲ūs is a collective like Yāhūd; in the singular Mad̲j̲ūsī is to be used; the religion of the Mad̲j̲ūs is called al-Mad̲j̲ūsīya. The lexicographers cite from the root a iind form ( mad̲j̲d̲j̲asa) and a vth ( tamad̲j̲d̲j̲asa). In a poem, cited in the Lisān and the Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs the phrase nār mad̲j̲ūsa is found; if we only could be sure, that this poem is rea…

(p.), God. This word comes from the sphere of Zoroastrian ideas (cf. Avestan yazata, Sanskrit yajata = “worthy of reverence”, a Vedic epithet of gods, e. g. Agni, Indra, Savitar, and also of objects). Old Persian used for “god” the word baga (cf. Avestan bag̲h̲a, Sanskrit bhaga, Pahlavl bag̲h̲). The Avestan yazata as an adjective means “worthy of reverence” and as a substantive “god”; it is used of Ahuramazda himself (he is called the “Greatest of the yazatas”) as well as of the divine beings subordinate to him, like Mit̲h̲ra, Sraos̲h̲a etc. (cf. Bartholomae, Altiran. Wörterbuch, col. 1279 s…

, a Persian poet. ʿAwfī calls him Ḳaṭrān al-ʿAḍudī al-Tabrīzī; according to Dawlats̲h̲āh, he was born in Tirmid̲h̲. Others say he was born in Ḏj̲abal-i Dailam; Ḏj̲abalī is also found as his nisba. Dawlats̲h̲āh says that he spent some time in Balk̲h̲ and later lived in the ʿIrāḳ. The period of his literary activity lies about the middle of the eleventh century a. d. Nāṣir-i Ḵh̲usraw mentions in the Safarnāma that he met Ḳaṭrān in Tabrīz in 438 (1046); a wellknown poem by Ḳaṭrān commemorates the earthquake in Tabrīz in 434 (1042/43). According to a tad̲h̲kira quoted in Rieu, Supplement, p. 140,…

, name of a place, situated 2 marḥala (xo farsak̲h̲) to the East of Balk̲h̲, on the road to the frontier of Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān. Ibn Ḵh̲urdādbih calls the station halfway between Balk̲h̲ and Ḵh̲ulm Walārī. A. Burnes reckons a distance of 40 miles from Ḵh̲ulm to the ancient city of Balk̲h̲; the mediaeval geographers give the following distances from Ḵh̲ulm to Simind̲j̲ān, Waralīz (or Warwālīz) and Bahār respectively: 2 days (Iṣṭak̲h̲rī and Muḳaddasī; ace. to Yāḳūt: 5 days); 2 days; 6 farsak̲h̲ (Ibn Ḵh̲urdādbih; the extract from Ibn Ḏj̲aʿfar’s Kitāb al-Ḵh̲arād̲j̲ gives 7 farsak̲h̲, and notes …

, Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf b. S̲h̲ams al-Dīn, with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Kās̲h̲if-i Kumait, a Persian man of letters of the xith (xviith) century. What is known of his life comes mainly from the Ḵh̲ātima of his Ḵh̲azān u Bahār. The author’s father, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad, also known as S̲h̲amsā-i S̲h̲īrāzī, was living at Karbalā when his son Muḥammad was born and left it for Iṣfahān in 1006 (1597/98) to escape persecution from the Sunnīs. Muḥammad, the son, was then three years old so that he was born in 1003 (1594/95). In 1008 (1599—1600) S̲…

, district ( Ḳaḍā) and town in Armenia, to the North of the lake of Wan. Of the name, there occur, in old-Armenian, the forms Manavazakert, Manavazkert and Manazkert. The middle-Armenian and Byzantine forms, Mandzgerd and Μαντζικίερτ resp. as well as the Arabian form Manāzd̲j̲ird, point to old-Armenian Manazkert being the original form, Manavaz(a)kert representing a popular etymological formation, from the name of the noble family of the Manavazean’s, which, in olden times, resided in the district.…

, a town in Asia Minor, also called Sīsiya, (middle-) Latin Sisia and Sīs; in French sources of the Middle Ages, besides.the usual forms, also Assis and Oussis are found. The most obvious explanation of these last mentioned forms would be from al (the Arabic article) + Sīs: however, attention must be paid to the fact that in the Arabic sources the name seems to occur more often without the article, than accompanied by it (for another explanation of these forms see Rec. des Hist. des Croisades; Doc. Arm., ii., p. xii.). Sīs is the ancient capital of the Cilician-Armenian kingdom, 65…

, Mullā Ṭug̲h̲rā-i Mas̲h̲hadī, a Persian literary man, was born in Mas̲h̲had (the date is not known) and went to India towards the end of the reign of Ḏj̲ahāngīr. After spending some time in the Deccan, he became muns̲h̲ī to Prince Murād Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ in the reign of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān. He accompanied the latter on his expedition to Balk̲h̲ The conquest of the latter town and of Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān by this prince (1055—1057 = 1645—1647) was celebrated by him in a prose work ( risāla). This risāla called Mirʾāt al-Futūḥ was later imitated by a certain G̲h̲ulām Muḥyī al-Dīn who in 1135 (1722—17…

, Mīr Muḥammad Ḥusain ʿAtāʾ Ḵh̲ān, with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Taḥsīn, also known by the title Muraṣṣaʿ Raḳm; an Indian author, as it seems, from Itāwā, son of Mīr Bāḳir Ḵh̲ān, whose tak̲h̲alluṣ was S̲h̲awk. The son of Taḥsīn, named Ḳāsim ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān, was not only an author, but also a musician. The exact dates of Taḥsīn’s birth and death cannot be fixed; the date of the completion of his most important work, the Nawṭarz-i muraṣṣaʿ, is ± 1195 (1780). The author was in the service of General Smith, whom he accompanied from Lakhnaw to Calcutta. Later on, Taḥsīn lived at Patna, …

or S̲h̲ahristān (p.), a derivation from s̲h̲ahr with the suffix — stān. Collateral forms are s̲h̲ahrastāna, s̲h̲āristān (and, metri causa, s̲h̲ārisān). In Pahlawī the word also occurs, written ideographically ; the meaning is, both in Pahlawī and in modern Persian: a town, especially a fortified one, or a capital (cf. Vullers, s. v. s̲h̲āristān and s̲h̲ahristān; Le Strange: The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 203, note 1). The principal part of several Persian towns is therefore named by this term, as was the case with that quarter of Barwān (according t…

, Muʿīn al-Dīn ʿAlī, called ḳāsim-i anwār, a Persian mystic and man of letters, born in 757 (1356) in Sarāb near Tabrīz. For Sarāb (in Yāḳūt Sarāw) Dawlats̲h̲āh, Tad̲h̲kira, p. 346, gives Surk̲h̲āb; this name is not found in Yāḳūt, but Dawlats̲h̲āh has three times the phrase Surk̲h̲āb-i Tabrīz; the name is once found in a play on words (in a rubāʿī of Kamāl-i Ḵh̲ud̲j̲andī in Dawlats̲h̲āh, op. cit., p. 326). According to the Persian lexicographers, Surk̲h̲āb is a hill near Tabrīz (Vullers, Lexicon Pers.- Lat., s. v., N°. 7). Ḳāsim’s family came from Ād̲h̲arbaid̲j̲ān. His religiou…

, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusain al-Wāʿihẓ al-Kās̲h̲ifī, with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Ṣafī, son of the preacher and man of letters al-Ḥusain al-Wāʿiẓ al-Kās̲h̲ifī (d. 910 = 1504/5), a Persian author. From the preface to his work Laṭāʾif al-Ṭawāʾif it appears that he was a prisoner in Herāt for a year and in 939 (1532/3) entered the service of S̲h̲āh Muḥammad, prince of G̲h̲ard̲j̲istān where he composed the Laṭāʾif. He must therefore have died after 1533; the exact date is not known any more than that of his birth. Works: 1) a romantic poem, Maḥmūd u Āyāz, as far as is known the oldest poetic ve…

, Kamāl al-Dīn Abu ’l-Aṭâʾ Maḥmūd b. ʿAlī of Kirmān, known as Ḵh̲wād̲j̲ū Kirmānī [the name Ḵh̲wād̲j̲ū is a diminutive form from Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a: cf. Grundriss der Iran. Phil., 1/ii. 185; another instance of this formation, not noticed there, is pīrū from pīr, Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Mat̲h̲nawī(ed. Nicholson) i. line 2169], a Persian poet, born, as stated in the epilogue of his Gul u-Nawrūz, S̲h̲awwāl 5, 679 (Jan. 28,1281) at Kirmān. He died at S̲h̲īrāz, probably in 753/1352; the date 742, given by Dawlats̲h̲āh, is erroneous. Men of letters gave him the surname of Nak̲h̲band-i S̲h̲uʿarāʾ (or N.ī ma…