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In die Sprachen der modernen Kulturwissenschaften hat der seit dem 18. Jh. nachweisbare Begriff der E. v. a. durch Max Weber Eingang gefunden. Im berühmten Aufsatz Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus sprach der Heidelberger Gelehrte 1904/05 vom »großen religionsgeschichtlichen Prozeß der E. der Welt«, der in der altjüd. Prophetie eingesetzt und in der harten innerweltlichen Askese des Puritanismus kulminiert habe. Alle magischen Mittel der Heilssuche seien hier als Aberglaube und Frevel verworfen worden [1]; [3].Den typologischen Kontrast von Askes…

1. Problemanzeige 1.1. BegriffDer Begriff S. (»Verweltlichung«, von lat. saeculum, »Zeit«, »Zeitalter«; kirchenlat. »Welt«) ist…

Der dt. Begriff der D. entstand im späten 18. Jh. im Kontext religionspolitischer Debatten über die Französische Revolution. Dort wurde déchristianisation als Kampfbegriff zur Bezeichnung zunächst spontaner gewalttätiger Aktionen kleinbürgerlicher Gruppen gegen die Römisch-katholische Kirche und ihren Klerus, für den Raub von Kirchengut sowie die Verwüstung von Kirchen, anderen kirchlichen Gebäuden und Kunstschätzen verwendet (Ikonoklasmus). Anhänger der Revolution gebrauchten den Begriff außerdem sowohl zur Beschreibung des Bruchs mit kirchlicher Tr…

Der Begriff E. wurde spätestens im frühen 19. Jh. geprägt. Im Kontext eines breiten Diskurses über die religionspraktischen Folgen der Aufklärung, der radikalen Katholizismus- und Kirchenkritik der Französischen Revolution sowie der Formierung einer neuen bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit stritten europ. Gelehrte um 1800 intensiv über die Frage, ob der alte Kirchenglaube …

1. Mittelalter und Frühe NeuzeitSchon im MA und in der Frühen Nz. lässt sich sowohl bei den gebildeten Ständen als auch in den diversen Sozialgruppen des »gemeinen Volkes« harte Kritik an den Klerikern beobachten (Geistliche). Aus religiösen Gründen, um des wahren Glaubens willen, warf man den »Mönchen« und »Pfaffen« Doppelmoral, Herrschsucht, Habgier und Wollust vor. Der Reichtum zahlreicher Klöster, das von Nahrungssorge unberührte, nicht steuerpflichtige, daher vergleichsweise bequeme und nicht selten luxuriöse Leben vieler Inhaber von Pfründen und die vielfältigen symbolischen Praktiken einer Unterwerfung der Gläubigen unter die Autorität des Kle…

1. The problem 1.1. TerminologyThe verb “secularize” is first attested in English in the early 17th century in the sense of “put [church property] to profane use,” the derivative noun  secularization in 1706. This sense, which derives from canon law ( saecularisatio, from saecularis, “of this age”, “worldly,” “pagan”), predates a broader sense of “dissociation from religious concerns,” the shades of which are captured in a larger lexical field in German.The first distinction in German is between  Säkularisation, which in the canon-law and constitutional tradition denote…

1. Middle Ages and early modern period In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, we already find harsh criticism of the clergy among both the educated classes and the various social groups of the “common people.” On religious grounds, for the sake of the true faith, the “monks” and “priests” were accused of a double moral standard, high-handedness, greed, and concupiscence. The wealth of many monasteries, the relatively comfortable and often luxurious lifestyles of many occupants of benefices , w…

One consequence of the general secularization underway in the late 18th and 19th centuries was a process that in German came to be known around 1800 as  Entkirchlichung (approx. “dechurching”), and that may be characterized as a secularization of and within the churches themselves.Around the year 1800, European scholars were engaged in intensive debate, as part of a broad discourse on the practical religious consequences of the Enlightenment, the radical anti-Catholicism and anti-clericalism of the French Revolution (1789), and the for…

The term déchristianisation (German  Dechristianisierung) emerged in the late 18th century in the context of religious and political debates on the French Revolution (1789). It came into use there as a slogan denoting the initially spontaneous violence of groups of petite bourgeoisie against the Roman Catholic Church and its clergy, the sacking of church property, and the pillaging of churches, other ecclesiastical buildings, and art treasures (Iconoclasm). Supporters of the Revolution also used th…

The term disenchantment, documented from the 18th century, came into the languages of the modern science of culture through Max Weber in particular. In the famous essay, “Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus” (“The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”) the Heidelberg scholar spoke in 1904/05 of the “great religio-historical process of disenchantment of the world,” which had begun in ancient Jewish prophecy and had culminated in the hard, this-worldly asceticism of P…

The debates on essence are classified as the discussions held at the beginning of the 20th century, both on the Christian and the Jewish sides, concerning the fundamental questions of the "essence" of each confession. Triggered by lectures of the theologian Adolf von Harnack on  Das Wesen des Christentums  (“The Essence of Christianity”), the critique published in 1905 by the liberal rabbi Leo Baeck, Das Wesen des Judentums ("The Essence of Judaism", 1936), ranked as one of the most important contributions to the debate on essence. In the disputes on the politi…

Als Wesensdebatte gelten die zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts sowohl auf christlicher als auch auf jüdischer Seite geführten Diskussionen um grundsätzliche Fragen des »Wesens« der jeweiligen Konfession. Ausgelöst durch die Vorlesungen des Theologen Adolf von Harnack über Das Wesen des Christentums, zählte die 1905 veröffentlichte Kritik Das Wesen des Judentums des liberalen Rabbiners Leo Baeck zu den gewichtigsten Beiträgen der Wesensdebatte. In den ideenpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen über die Bedeutung der christlichen und der jüdischen Trad…

[German Version] The origins of the concept of transfert de sacralité are obscure. The earliest known occurrence is in the works of the historian Mona Ozouf, who since 1976 has studied the symbolic worlds, rituals, and “implicit theologies” (Assmann) in the festivals celebrated by the French Revolution. Syncretistic combination of pagan, Christian, and Masonic symbols and ceremonies, she believes, created a post-Christian politico-religious cult in which the revolutionary nation staged and constituted its…

[German Version] (Sep 1, 1839, Stetten im Remstal – Jul 18, 1908, Groß Lichterfelde near Berlin). As the last ¶ representative of F.C. Baur’s Tübingen school, Pfleiderer developed models of the history of primitive Christianity which stressed Jesus’ Jewish identity, and declared Paul the decisive founder of the Christian religion, thanks to his critique of the “orientalisms” in Jesus’ preaching, and his determined “Hellenization.” Using the historical methods of the comparative study of religion, Pfleiderer set out…

[German Version] I The origins and the formation of the composite term “history of ideas” have hardly been investigated. Early attestations point to the late 18th century. In the centers of the Enlightenment, scholars wrote “history of ideas,” employing teleological interpretation models, in order to legitimize the emergence of the new middle-class consciousness as a progress in the awareness of freedom. The literary history of classic reflection disciplines such as philosophy and theology became c…

[German Version] (Jun 22, 1770, Radis – Jan 12, 1842, Leipzig), Protestant philosopher and successor to I. Kant at Königsberg University. Strongly influenced by Kant's philosophy as a student of theology and philosophy in Wittenberg, Jena, and Göttingen, Krug became philosophy lecturer in Wittenberg and associate of the philosophical faculty in 1794; then associate professor in Frankfurt an der Oder in 1801, full professor in Königsberg in 1805, and in Leipzig in 1809. He argued in favor of a so-c…

[German Version] (Feb 25, 1939, Vienna – Nov 18, 1998, Vienna) was brought up in a middle-class family. After studying Protestant theology, primarily with H.W. Wolff and Wolfhart Pannenberg, and philosophy, especially with T.W. Adorno and Wolfgang Cramer, he quickly became active in the biblicistic, socially conservative Heliand scouting association. In 1969 he received his Dr.theol. at Munich with a thesis entitled Der Gedanke der Persönlichkeit Gottes bei Fichte und Hegel. His habilitation followed in the winter semester of 1971/1972 with a critical interpretati…

[German Version] ( Jan 27, 1808, Ludwigsburg –Feb 8, 1874, Ludwigsburg), Protestant theologian and writer. The son of a struggling merchant, Strauß attended the Latin school in Ludwigsburg and in 1821 entered the minor seminary in Blaubeuren. There he met F.C. Baur, whose teaching left a deep impression on him. With his friends C. Märklin, F.T. Vischer, and Wilhelm Zimmerman (later a prominent liberal historian of the German Peasants’ War), he began his theological studies in 1825 at the Tübingen …

[German Version] (Jan 30, 1810, Friedewald, Hessia – Jun 2, 1872, Bonn). Although as a student of theology Hundeshagen was expelled from the university in Giessen in 1828 for participating in certain fraternity activities, he was still able to attain his Habilitation there in 1831, after which he became a professor of theology specializing in exegesis and church history. In 1834 he received an appointment in Bern (becoming a full professor in 1845), then in 1847 in Heidelberg, and in 1867 in Bonn, also serving as the editor of the ThSt…

[German Version] (Feb 17, 1865, Haunstetten near Augsburg – Feb 1, 1923, Berlin-Charlottenburg) is considered one of the leading theological diagnosticians of crises in the German classical modernity of the period around 1900. The author of a wide-ranging oeuvre, he pushed back the boundaries of systematic theology and transformed it into a cultural science (Cultural studies) of Christianity that was to demonstrate the compatibility of Christian faith with the modern standards of scientific ration…