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Basmala
(2,883 words)
The
basmala has historical precedents in pre-Islamic usage. Al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144) long ago noted the ancient Arabs' use of the formula “in the name of [the deities] al-Lāt [or] al-ʿUzzā” (1:29). Toufic Fahd (42), citing the
Taʾrīkh of al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923) and the
Kitāb al-Aghānī of Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 356/967), describes
bi-smika llāhumma (“in your name, O God”) as an epistolary formula used by “the ancient Arabs” to begin any written document. Theodor Nöldeke points out parallels to
bi-smi llāh in Jewish and Christian bibles in the recurring formula “in th…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Ḥadīth qudsī
(3,643 words)
Ḥadīth qudsī (plur.
aḥādīth qudsiyya, lit., holy tradition; also
ḥadīth ilāhī,
ḥadīth rabbānī, plur.
aḥādīth ilāhiyya/rabbāniyya, lit., divine tradition;
khabar, report, plur.
akhbār, sometimes used instead of
ḥadīth) designates a direct-discourse statement ascribed to God—hence the preferred translation “divine saying”—that is not from the Qurʾān but is reported normally in
ḥadīth format, with supporting
isnād (chain of transmitters), on the authority of the prophet Muḥammad. A divine saying is distinguished formally from a Qurʾānic revelation and…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
