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al-Ḥimyarī al-Yamanī , the first imām elected by the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib. He was one of the five missionaries ( ḥamalat al-ʿilm , "carriers of science") sent to the Mag̲h̲rib by Abū ʿUbayda al-Tamīmī of Baṣra, the spiritual head of the sect, in order to preach there the Ibāḍī creed [cf. ibāḍiyya ]. These missionaries received from Abū ʿUbayda the order to establish an imamate amongst the Ibāḍiyya of Tripolitania, with Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb ¶ as imām. The activities of the ḥamalat al-ʿilm were crowned with success. In 140/757-8 the Ibāḍī notables of Tripolitania, in a council he…

al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī historian and lawyer, native of Bahlāʾ in ʿUmān. His exact dates are not known; but he is counted among the Ibāḍī scholars of the second half of the 3rd/9th century. He left valuable literary materials, especially in the field of history, and also took an active part in the political life of his time, being a zealous partisan of the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik, deposed in 273/886-7. Among his works, the following are worthy of note: (1) al-Aḥdāt̲h̲ wa ’l-Ṣifāt , devoted to events in ʿUmān at the time of al-Ṣalt b. Mālik, and to the circumstances of his deposition; (2) al-Bayān wa ’l-Bu…

, governor of Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa and Tripolitania, on behalf of the Rustamid imām of Tāhart, Abu’l-Yakẓān Muḥammad b. Aflaḥ (d. 281/894-5). He came from Tindemīra, a village in the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, but the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His province comprised the whole of Tripolitania, excepting the town of Tripoli which belonged to the Ag̲h̲labids. He had immediately to engage in conflict with the Berber Ibāḍī tribe of Zawāg̲h̲a, who occupied the coast between Tripoli and …

(djado), the old capital of the eastern region of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa in Tripolitania, nowadays a large village in the Fassāṭō district situated on three hills of unequal height. The population of about 2,000—towards the end of the 19th century there were 500 houses—mostly consists of Berbers of the Ibāḍī tribe of Nafūsa. The ruins of the old town are nothing but a pile of broken stones and caves with a mosque in the centre. Near the mosque was formerly the business quarter and the market ( sūḳ ), near which one can still see today the site of the Jewish quart…

, zakariyyāʾ b. muḥammad b. maḥmūd Abū Yaḥyā (Hād̲j̲d̲j̲i K̲h̲alīfa, iv, 188-9: Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Kūfī al-Ḳazwīnī), famous Arab cosmographer and geographer. He drew his origin from an Arab family (his ancestor, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Ḳāsim b. Hibat Allāh al-Ḳazwīnī, was probably descended from Anas b. Malik [ q.v.]), who had been Persianised after settling at Kaẓwīn in Persia. Judging from certain solecisms to be found in al-Ḳazwīnī’s works, Arabic does not seem to have been his mother tongue. He was born at Ḳazwīn, probably towards 600/1203 and seems to have received ther…

, sub-sect ( firḳa ) of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī sect of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.] This sub-sect, whose oiigins were purely political, was founded in what is now Tripolitania around the beginning of the 3rd/9th century by K̲h̲alaf b. al-Samḥ, grandson of the Ibāḍī imām Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb ʿAbd al-Aʿlā al-Maʿāfirī al-Yamānī [ q.v.]. Al-Samḥ b. ʿAbd al-Aʿlā, K̲h̲alaf’s father, was originally the vizier of the Rustamid imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raljmān [ q.v.], who held him in high esteem, and then after ca. 196/811-12, he was governor of Tripolitania ( ḥayyiz Aṭrābulus ) on behalf of this imām. The new …

al-T̲h̲amīnī al-Isd̲j̲anī , celebrated Ibāḍī scholar, b. c. 1130/1717-8, probably at Ward̲j̲lān (Ouargla), d. Rad̲j̲ab 1223/August 1808, at Banū Isd̲j̲an (Beni Isguen) in the Mzab, where, at the age of about forty, he had begun his studies under the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Ṣāliḥ, of Ḏj̲arba. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz is held by the Ibāḍīs to-day to be one of the greatest scholars who ever lived in the Mzab, where he has left the reputation of a man of fervent piety, remarkable sagacity, great imperturbability, perfect self-control, and astonishing assiduity. He devoted himself to the…

, Abū D̲j̲ābir Muḥammad b D̲j̲aʿfar al-Azkawī , Ibāḍī scholar of ʿUmān, d. 281/894. He was the author of an important work of fiḳh entitled Kitāb al-D̲j̲āmiʿ and usually known as D̲j̲āmiʿ Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar to distinguish it from the other Ibāḍī works with the same title. This work is still unpublished; there are several manuscripts of it in the Mzāb, the earliest of them dated 914/1508. Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar also took part in the political events of his time as supporter of the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik. (T. Lewicki) Bibliography A. de C. Motylinski, Bibliographie du Mzab, in Bulletin de Correspondance Afr…

Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Saʿīd b. Sulaymān b. ʿAlī b. Īk̲h̲laf , an Ibāḍi jurist, poet and historian of the 7th/13th century, author of a historical and biographical work on the Ibāḍīs, the Kitāb Ṭabaḳāt al-Mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ . He belonged to a pious and learned Berber-Ibāḍī family from Tamīd̲j̲ār, a place in the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa in Tripolitania. His ancestor, al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Īk̲h̲laf b. Īk̲h̲laf al-Nafūsī al-Tamīd̲j̲ārī, an eminent faḳīh , lived in the neighbourhood of Nefṭa in the D̲j̲arīd [ q.v.]. Son of Īk̲h̲laf, the pious ʿAlī, who lived in the second half of the 6th/12th cent…

, Yaḥyā b. al-Ḵh̲ayr , Ibāḍī scholar from the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa. He was a native of Id̲j̲nāwun (modern Djennaouen, near Djado, in the eastern part of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa; cf. J. Despois, Le Djebel Nefousa , Paris 1935, 213 and passim). Al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī mentions him amongst the personages of the 6th/12th century. He was the grandson of another Ibāḍī scholar from the Ḏj̲abal Nafu̲sa, Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr Tūzīn al-Ḏj̲anāwunī, contemporary of the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr Tūzīn al-Zawāg̲h̲ī. As the latter lived under the reign of the Zīrid al-Muʿizz b. Bādīs (406-54/1016-62; see al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, al-…

, maḳrīn b. muḥammad , Ibāḍite historian and biographer born in the village of Bug̲h̲ṭūra (also: Buḳṭūra) in the western region of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa [ q.v.]. According to the Kitāb al-Siyar of Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Abī ʿUt̲h̲mān al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī [ q.v.], an important historical and biographical Ibāḍite work of the 10th/16th century, al-Bug̲h̲ṭūrī was a pupil of two scholars of Ibāḍite history and biography, namely Abū Yaḥyā Tawfīḳ b. Yaḥyā al-D̲j̲anāwunī and Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Masḳūd (also called al…

(also al-D̲j̲īṭālī , var. al-Ḏj̲iṭālī ), Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl b. Mūsā , celebrated Ibāḍite scholar who was a native of Īd̲j̲ayṭāl (also Īd̲j̲īṭāl or D̲j̲iṭāl), an ancient village of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa still there today and now called Id̲j̲eyṭal or D̲j̲eyṭal. The date of his birth is unknown. However, we know that he was a pupil of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿĪsā b. Mūsā al-Ṭarmīsī, who lived in the second half of the 7th/13th century. For some time he taught at Mazg̲h̲ūra (today Mezg̲h̲ūra or Timezg̲h̲ūra) in the eastern p…

(and also Ḳaṣr Mānū or Tīn Mānū), ancient locality situated on the Mediterranean coast, in the western part of the plain of D̲j̲afāra, between Ḳābis (Gabès) and Aṭrābulus (Tripoli), and on the old route leading from Ifrīḳiya to Egypt. In our opinion it should be identified with [ Ad] Ammonem of the Ancients, a place situated about 30 km. west of the town of Sabratha, Ṣabra of the old Arabic sources. It was here that there took place, in 283/896-7, a great battle between the army of the Ag̲h̲labid amīr s and that of the great Ibāḍī Berber tribe of Nafūsa [ q.v.]. The latter people who lived in th…

, abū ḥātim yaʿḳūb b. labīd , famous Ibāḍī imām . He is mentioned in the Kitāb al-Sīra wa-ak̲h̲bār al-aʾimma , an Ibāḍī chronicle written shortly after 504/1110-11 by Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr al-Ward̲j̲lānī. Abū Ḥātim was also known by other names. In the chronicle (which is at one and the same time a collection of biographies of famous Ibāḍī-Wahbī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s ) composed by Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī towards the beginning of the 10th/16th century and entitled Kitāb al-Siyar , the imām concerned is called Abū Ḥātim Yaʿkub b. Ḥabīb al-Malzūzī al-Nad̲j̲īsī; he w…

, Ibāḍī scholar, probably a native of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, mentioned in al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲īʾs K. al-Siyar (Cairo 1301, 561-2), in a short note that gives no chronological information, but from which it may be deduced that he lived at the end of the 8th/14th or the beginning of the 9th/15th century. He translated into Arabic the old ʿAḳīda of the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib, originally composed in Berber. This translation was in use, at the time of al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī (d. 928/1521-2)) in the island of Ḏj̲arba and in the other Ibāḍī communit…

, the name of an ancient and powerful Berber people which belonged to the great tribal family of the Lawāta [ q.v.]. According to Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn. who makes brief mention of the Mazāta in his Histoire des Berbères , they constituted an impor…

(also Huwwāra; now Howwāra or Hewwāra), name of a Berber people. Disregarding the legends which give them a Yemenī origin, we must remember that ancient Arabic authors do not agree about their place in the Berber family. The Muslim geographer al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī (340/951) regards them as members of the Butr branch of the Berbers, whereas most Berber and Arabic genealogists, whose …

, a major confederation of Berber tribes belonging to the Butr group and forming the most powerful branch of the family of the Zanāta. The ascendancy, real or imaginary, of this confederation is traced back to Mag̲h̲rāw, who is said to have been, according to the mediaeval Berber genealogists, the ancestor of the Mag̲h̲rāwa as such. Following the Arab and Berber sources utilised in the 8th/14th century by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn in his History of the Berbers , the “cradle” of the Mag̲h̲rāwa and “the ancient seat of their power” was the territory located on t…

al-ʿUmānī , commonly called Ibn Baraka , Ibāḍite author from the township of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The precise dates of his life are not known, but an ʿUmānī Ibāḍite writer, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and partisan of the imām Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in the political life of ʿUmān and composed several historical and juridical works, of which only the following are extant: 1. …

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Baraka al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī author born in the village of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The exact dates of his life are unknown. However, an Ibāḍī writer of ʿUmān, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and supporter of the imām Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, who was killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in political life in ʿUmān and wrote several historical and juridical works, of which only the following survive: (1) K. al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ . dealing with the principles of law; (2) K. al-Muwāzana , on the state of ʿUmān in the time of ¶ the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik; i…