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(ὀνομαστικόν/ onomastikón, sc. βιβλίον/ biblíon). [German version] I. Term The term onomastikón (collection of names, from ὄνομα/ ónoma, ‘name’) describes learned works that are not arranged alphabetically but juxtapose synonyms and terms relating to the same semantic field. This principle of ordering is very old  (it was already known in Near Eastern culture in the 2nd millennium BC; Lists) and undoubtedly was the most common one up to the Augustan period. Tosi, Renzo (Bologna) [German version] II. Greek Already a (lost) work by Democritus [1] (5th cent. BC), which treat…

[German version] I. Antiquity The interest of the Greeks in etymology was linked from the 5th cent. through to the Alexandrian period to philosophical speculation on the origins of language (which reached its peak in Plato's …

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In the Ancient Orient, Akkadian scribes acted as grammarians, adding Sumerian translations to Akkadian flective forms, or who provided abstract grammatical explanations for Sumerian syllables. Grammatical texts took the form of a two-columned list; there were no grammatical rules expressed in sentence form. In order to achieve congruence between the non-isomorphic languages of Sumeria and Akkadia, grammarians made up artificial Sumerian forms, neglected morpho-syntactic rules, and used false allomorphs. However, the works of these grammarians presupposes a metalinguistic awareness of language and an abstractive ability in dealing with language as early as the 2nd millennium BC…

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(Πάμφιλος; Pámphilos). [German version] [1] Athenian soldier, 4th cent. BC Athenian hípparchos and stratēgós. In 389 BC, he erected a permanent emplacement on Aegina and besieged the island, but had to be relieved after five months, himself besieged by the Spartan Gorgopas. Convicted of embezzlement and fined heavily at Athens, P. still owed the city five talents at his death after having sold his estates (Lys. 15,5; Xen. Hell. 5,1,2; Aristoph. Plut. 174; 385; Plat. fr. 14 PCG; Dem. Or. 39,2; 40,20 and 22). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Volkmann, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Davies, 36…

(Ἐρατοσθένης; Eratosthénēs). [German version] …

[German version] (ἡ Σοῦδα; hē Soûda). The name S. (or Suidas) refers to a large extant Greek-Byzantine historical encyclopaedia compiled in the 10th cent. AD (possibly under Iohannes Tzimiskes, 969-976) and organised lexically and alphabetically by key-words. In the S., the compilers combined the entirety of material accessible to them by referring to older compilations, among other things (in this sense, the S. is a 'compilation from compilations'). The form and meaning of the name S. have long been debated: until c.…

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(Ἁρποκρατίων; Harpokratíōn). [German version] [1] Platonic philosopher from Argos…

(Διογενιανός; Diogenianós). [German version] …

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

(Κύριλλος; Kýrillos) [German version] [1] C. of Jerusalem Bishop Born c. AD 313, he was a member of the Jerusalem clergy (Jer. Chron. 2365 [GCS Eus. 7,236,7f. Helm/Treu]), and f…

(Ὠρίων/ Ōríōn). [German version] [1] Gigantic mythical hunter Gigantic mythical hunter (as early as Hom. Od. 11,310; 11,572-575), also a constellation (as early as Hom. Il. 18,485f.; Stars, legends about). Son of Poseidon and Euryale [2] (Hes. fr. 14…

[German version] (Λόβων; Lóbōn) of Argos. Biographer of the 3rd cent. BC, author of a work Περὶ ποιητῶν (‘On Poets’). It is mentioned by Diog. Laert. 1,34-35 and 112 and in the Vita of Sophocles and was a polemical work in comparison with the Pínakes of Callimachus: [1] gathered 27 fragments but th…

(Ἡσύχιος; Hēsýchios). [German version] [1] Alex. scholar, author of a lexicon Alexandrian scholar, author of an alphabetically arranged lexicon, which has passed down to us numerous fragments (primarily of poetry), allows many text variants to be restored, and is of special significance to the study of ancient classical exegesis, of dialects, and of the history of the Greek language. The basis for dating him is the Epistula ad Eulogium, which introduces the lexicon: some scholars identify the addressee with  Eulogius Scholasticus (5th cent. AD), others, includin…

(Πάμφιλος). [English version] [1] Athen. Militär, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer hípparchos und stratēgós, errichtete 389 v.Chr. auf Aigina eine feste Stellung und belagerte die Insel, mußte aber nach fünf Monaten, selbst durch den Spartaner Gorgopas belagert, entsetzt werden. In Athen wegen Unterschlagung zu eine…

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(Διογενιανός). [English version] [1] Epikureer, 2. Jh.? Epikureer, Datier. unsicher (vielleicht 2. Jh.n.Chr.). Eusebios (Pr. Ev. 4,3Euseb. Pr. Ev. 4,3; 6,8Euseb. Pr. Ev. 6,8), der lange Auszüge aus seiner Schrift gegen die Doktrin des Chrysippos ‘Über das Schicksal (περὶ εἱμαρμένης) zitiert, bezeichnet ihn fälschlich als Peripatetiker. D. nahm die Wahrheit und Zulässigkeit der Mantik an. Er lehrte die Existenz des Glücks (τύχη) und des Schicksals; dies schließe aber die Freiheit des Willens nicht aus. Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography T. Dorandi, in: Goulet 2, 833f.  J. Hammerstaedt, in: JbAC 36, 1993, 24-32. …

[English version] [1] K. von Jerusalem Bf. von Jerusalem, 4. Jh. Um 313 n.Chr. geb., gehörte zum Jerusalemer Klerus (Hier. chron. 2365 [GCS Eus. 7,236,7f. Helm/Treu]) und amtierte von 348 bis 386 als Bischof von Jerusalem; er kam eher als Parteigänger der Homöer (so Hier. l.c., Sokr. 2,38,2 und Soz. 4,20,1) denn als Nizäner (so Theod. hist. eccl. 2,26,6) in dieses Amt. 358 wurde er von Akakios [2] von Kaisareia des Amtes enthoben und nach Tarsos verbannt, 359 rehabilitiert, im folgenden Jahr erneut verbann…

(Ἐρατοσθένης). [English version] [1] Athener, aktiv im Peloponn. Krieg Athener aus reicher Familie. Diente 411 v.Chr. als Trierarch im Hellespont, verließ aber sein Schiff, um die Oligarchen in Athen zu unterstützen (Lys. 12,42). Nach der Kapitulation Athens im Peloponnesischen Krieg (404 v.Chr.) gehörte E. einem Aktionskreis - den fünf Ephoren - an, die auf einen oligarchischen Umsturz hinarbeiteten. Nach Aufhebung der demokratischen Ordnung war E. am Regierungskomitee der Dreißig, nach deren Abs…