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Yaʿḳūbiyyūn

(4,036 words)

Author(s): Teule, H.G.B.
, Yaʿāḳiba , Yaʿḳūbiyya , pls. of Yaʿḳūbī, the Arabic term for the Jacobite Christians. “Jacobites” is the designation for members of the Syrian Orthodox Church, whose dogmatical position (Christ’s divinity and humanity coming together into one nature), known as monophysitism, was thought ¶ to be at variance with the moderate dyophysite christology formulated by the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451; one divine and one human nature united into one person and hypostasis). Consequendy, the “Monophysites” were considered as hereti…

Taʾrīkh

(16,887 words)

Author(s): Winter, M. | Kably, M. | Farouk, Ahmed | de La Véronne, Chantal | Teule, H.G.B. | Et al.
II. 1. In the Arab world. (c) The period 1500 to 1800. i. The Ottoman occupation of the central Arab lands The Ottoman Empire, in a few decisive battles, destroyed the Mamlūk Sultanate (1250-1517 [see mamlūks ]), which included Egypt, Syria and parts of Anatolia (with the Ḥid̲j̲āz within its sphere of influence). Egypt, the centre of empires for centuries, and ¶ also Syria became tax-paying Ottoman provinces for the next three, nominally four, centuries. Later in the 16th century, the Yemen, ʿIrāḳ and North Africa (with the exception of Morocco) were also…

تاريخ

(13,988 words)

Author(s): Winter, M. | Kably, M. | Teule, H.G.B. | Holt, P.M.
[English edition] في العالم العربي 1. (ج) الفترة من 1500 إلى 1800 1.1 الاحتلال العثماني للأراضي العربية المركزية بعد عدد قليل من المعارك الحاسمة، دمّرت الإمبراطورية العثمانية سلطنة المماليك (1250–1517) [انظر مماليك] التي كانت تشمل مصر وسوريا وأجزاء من الأناضول (مع الحجاز ضمن دائرة نفوذها). وأصبحت مصر، بعد أن كانت مركزاً للإمبراطوريات لعدّة قرون، وكذلك سوريا، من جملة الولايات العثمانية المطالبة بدفع الضرائب ما يزيد على ثلاثة قرون أو أربعة. وفي القرن السادس عشر، تمّ دمج اليمن والعراق وبلدان إفريقيا الشمالية (باستثناء المغرب) في الإمبراطورية العثمانية إدماجًا مركزيّا متفاوت الدرجات. وبا…