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[English Version] . 1867 begann Josiah Spiers in Islington, London, mit Bibelgruppen für Kinder, die bald als »Children's Special Service Mission« (CSSM) bekannt wurden. Ein Jahr später schrieb Spiers »Gott ist Liebe« in den Sand des Strands von Llanduno, Nordwales, und forderte die Kinder dazu auf, die Buchstaben mit Muscheln und Algen zu dekorieren und erzählte ihnen Gesch. von Jesus. So entstand der erste CSSM-Strandgottesdienst. 1879 wurde die CSSM gebeten, einen Plan mit täglichen Bibellesung…

[English Version] Sharp,  Granville (10.11.1735 Durham – 6.7.1813 Fulham, heute zu London), Evangelikaler und Gegner der Sklaverei. 1765 begann er sich gegen den Sklavenhandel einzusetzen und trieb in Folge mehrere Rechtsstreitigkeiten im Interesse von in England gehaltenen Sklaven voran. Seine Bemühungen erreichten 1772 ihren Höhepunkt mit dem bekannten »Fall Somerset«, in dessen Folge die gewaltsame Entfernung von Sklaven aus dem Land illegal wurde. Sh. interessierte sich außerdem für afrikanisch…

[English Version] Temple, William (15.10.1881 Exeter – 26.10.1944 Westgate-on-Sea). Nach dem Studium in Oxford bekleidete T. eine Reihe hoher Ämter in der Church of England, u.a. war T. Bf. von Manchester (1921) und Erzbf. von York (1929), bis er 1942 zum Erzbf. von Canterbury aufstieg. Seine Beiträge zu Kontroversen um soziale, internationale und ökonomische Themen fanden bes. Beachtung. T. war in der frühen ökumenischen Bewegung aktiv und unterstützte die Bewegungen »Faith and Order« (Bewegung fü…

[English Version] . Am 25.3.1605 mietete eine kleine Gruppe von Katholiken einen Keller unter dem Londoner Parlamentsgebäude, wo sie Schießpulver einlagerten. Obwohl Guy Fawkes (1570–1606) nicht deren Anführer war, ist er das bekannteste Mitglied der Gruppe. Ziel der P. war es, am 5.11.1605 – dem Tag der Parlamentseröffnung – das Parlamentsgebäude in die Luft zu sprengen und so gleichzeitig den anwesenden König Jakob I. und die Parlamentsmitglieder zu ermorden, in der Hoffnung, dies würde die Kat…

[English Version] Spencer, John (1630 Bocton, Kent, England, getauft 31.10.1630 – 27.5.1693 wahrscheinlich Cambridge), engl. Theologe und Hebraist, wirkte als Fellow (1655) und Master (1667) des Corpus Christi College in Cambridge und ab 1677 als Dean von Ely. Sein einflußreichstes Werk, »De legibus Hebraeorum« (1685), untersucht die rel. Umwelt der atl. Israeliten und legte so die Grundlage für die Entstehung der Vergleichenden Religionswiss. Als erster Gelehrter entdeckte er Ähnlichkeiten zw. den…

[English Version] Sancroft, William (20.1.1617 Fressingfield, Suffolk, England – 24.11.1693 ebd.), Erzbf. von Canterbury und Non-Juror. Fellow am Emmanuel College in Cambridge von 1642–1651, floh S. nach seiner Entlassung durch die Puritaner auf den Kontinent. Nach der Restoration 1660 machte er in der engl. Staatskirche schnell Karriere und wurde 1668 Erzbischof. In seiner Amtszeit bemühte er sich, die geistl. und polit. Lage der Kirche zu stärken. Als Anhänger der hochkirchlichen Bewegung und der…

[German Version] (Aug 2, 1802, Seville – Feb 15, 1865, London), cardinal archbishop of Westminster. Born in Spain, son of Irish parents, he was ¶ raised in Ireland and England. He attended Unshaw College, Durham, before studying at the English College in Rome (D.D. 1824). After his ordination in 1825, he rose quickly through a succession of appointments, including rector of the English College in Rome (1828), coadjutor to Bishop Walsh, vicar-apostolic and president of St. Mary’s College, Oscott (1840). After the reestab…

[German Version] (Dec 10, 1757, Faversham, England – May 1, 1839, Peterborough, England), Anglican theologian and bishop. Educated at Cambridge, in 1779 he became a fellow of St. John's College. While studying in Germany under J.D. Michaelis, he was exposed to the new biblical scholarship, later translating Michaelis's Introduction to the New Testament. In 1807 Marsh was appointed Lady Margaret Professor at Cambridge. With his enthusiastically received lectures on biblical criticism (1809–1816), he was among the first to popularize the new German…

[German Version] (Sep 24, 1759, Reading, Berkshire – Nov 13, 1836, Cambridge, UK), English evangelical clergyman. In 1782 he was made a fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, and, in the following year, appointed vicar of Holy Trinity Church. Despite initial opposition, Simeon persevered, eventually becoming one of the most influential figures in the Church of England. His rise to prominence was due to a combination of influences, including his innovative parish ministry, his skill in nurturing seve…

[German Version] (Dec 6, 1875, Wolverhampton – Jun 15, 1941, London), author of spiritual works. Educated at King’s College, London, in 1907 she experienced a religious conversion of a mystical nature. Her early spiritual views were described in her first book, Mysticism (1911, Mysticism). Before long she met Friedrich v. Hügel, who would later become her spiritual director. Under his influence, her interest in historical Christianity developed so that she abandoned her mystical, intellectual, Neo-Platonist views in favor of a more pra…

[German Version] (Dec 21, 1811, Edinburgh – Dec 3, 1882, Episcopal Place at Addington), archbishop of Canterbury. Educated at Edinburgh and Oxford, Tait converted to the Church of England in 1830. Three years later, he was appointed tutor at Balliol College, Oxford. Though sympathetic to the aims of the Oxford Movement, in 1841 he joined in the public protest against Tract 90 (J.H. Newman). Talented and widely admired, Tait quickly advanced through a succession of clerical appointments, including headmaster of Rugby (1842, succeeding T. Arnold); bishop of…

[German Version] The SPG was established under royal charter by T. Bray in 1701 to supply the “want of learned and orthodox ministers” in the plantations, colonies, and “factories beyond the seas.” The rapidly expanding British Empire presented both challenges and opportunities for the Church of England. The SPG set out to “settle the State of Religion” for the colo­nists before undertaking “the conversion of the Natives.” During the 18th century the SPG’s efforts focused on the American colonies,…

[German Version] (Mar 10, 1760, London – Jan 16, 1815, Kensington Gore), philanthropist, banker, member of parliament, and abolitionist (Abolitionism). Younger son of the wealthy evangelical merchant John Thornton, he worked in banking before being elected member of parliament in 1782. His writings on economic affairs were much admired. In Parliament he was active in humanitarian affairs and, as a member of the celebrated Clapham Sect, joined with W. Wilberforce in advancing the abolitionist cause…

[German Version] (Feb 5, 1837, Northfield, MA – Dec 22, 1899, Northfield, MA), evangelist. Moody left his birthplace in New England and went to Chicago, where he gave up a promising career in the shoe business to work as a minister (esp. with the YMCA [Young Men's Christian Association: II]). During the Civil War he converted wounded soldiers; thereafter he returned to Chicago, where he organized conferences for Sunday School teachers. There he met I.D. Sankey, whose music contributed greatly to t…

[German Version] (Apr 17, 1635, Cranborne, Dorset – Mar 27, 1699, Westminster), Latitudinarian theologian and antiquary. After becoming a fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 1653, he published a series of works, including his Irenicum (1659), Origines Sacrae (1662), and Rational Account (1664), which established his reputation as a theologian and brought rapid preferment. He then became, in succession, archdeacon of London, dean of St. Paul’s, and bishop of Worcester. Grayson Carter Bibliography Works: The Works, ed. R. Bentley, 6 vols., 1709/1710 On Stillingfleet: W. …

[German Version] ( Jul 23, 1860, Orkney, Scotland – May17, 1939, Cambridge, England), Presbyterian theologian. Oman studied in Edinburgh and Heidelberg, and served churches in Scotland and England prior to becoming professor (1907), and principal (1922) of Westminster College, Cambridge. Alarmed at the crisis then confronting Christianity, Oman developed an interest in F.D.E. Schleiermacher, and his model of the inner authority of truth; Oman translated ¶ Schleiermacher’s Über die Religion (1799 text, ET: On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers, 1988; 1831 text, ET: Sp…

[German Version] (Apr 25, 1792, Fairford, Gloucestershire – Mar 29, 1866, Bournemouth), scholar, Anglican priest and one of the leaders of the Catholic Revival in England. Born into a clerical family, at Oxford he achieved considerable academic distinction, being elected (at the age of 19) to a much-coveted fellowship at Oriel College; four years later he was ordained into the Church of England. In 1827 he published a collection of poetry, The Christian Year, which brought widespread fame and recognition. In 1831 he was elected professor of poetry at Oxford. Alarmed …

[German Version] (Aug, 15, 1613, Cambridge, UK – Aug 13, 1667, Lisburn, Ireland). The son of a local barber, Taylor studied at Caius College, Cambridge, before becoming a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford (1636). He was then appointed chaplain to archbishop W. Laud and, somewhat later, to Charles I; in 1638 he became rector of Uppingham, Rutland. He was awarded a doctorate for his work, The Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy (1642). While serving as royal chaplain during the Civil War, he was captured and imprisoned. After his release, he lived quietly in secl…

[German Version] (Jan 24, 1818, London – Aug 6, 1866, East Grinstead, West Sussex), Anglican author and hymn writer. Having been influenced by the Catholic revival (High Church movement [I]), at Cambridge he helped found the Camden Society. Though ordained in 1841, ill-health prevented his installation into a parish. From 1846 on he served as warden of Sackville College, Sussex. Here, he divided his time between writing and the Sisterhood of St. Margaret, which (in 1855) he founded to educate girl…

[German Version] (1678, London – Jul 18, 1761, London), Anglican bishop. Sherlock served as Fellow and Master of St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge, and (in succession to his father) as Master of the Temple in London where he gained a wide reputation for his preaching. A Tory representative of the High Church movement, he led the opposition to bishop Benjamin Hoadly during the famous Bangorian Controversy (1717) and fell out of favor at Court. After the death of George I his fortunes changed and h…