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Charondas

(273 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne)
[German version] (Χαρώνδας; Charṓndas). From Catana; was regarded with  Zaleucus as the greatest lawgiver of the western Greek colonies, and compared to  Lycurgus and  Solon (Pl. Resp. 599d-e; Cic. Leg. 1,57). His dates cannot be exactly determined (mid-7th cent. to end of the 6th cent. BC). There is also no authentic documentation on C. as a person; like many lawgivers he is surrounded in legend [1]. C.'s laws, which were introduced in  Catana,  Rhegium and the other Chalcidian cities of lower Italy and Sicily (Aristot. Pol. 1274a 23ff.; Heracl. Lemb. fr. 55 …

Diagoras

(491 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) | Decker, Wolfgang (Cologne)
(Διαγόρας; Diagóras). [German version] [1] of Eretria Politician 6th cent. BC Towards the end of the 6th cent. BC (between 539 and 510?), D. overturned the ‘oligarchy of the knights’, allegedly for personal motives (Aristot. Pol. 5,5, 1306a 35-37) [1]. In posthumous tribute, a statue of D. was erected (Heraclides Lembus fr. 40 Dilts). Whether D. as nomothetes introduced a ‘democratic constitution’ [2], has to remain a moot point. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) Bibliography 1 F. Geyer, Topographie und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 66f. 2 H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985, 63f. …

Draco

(834 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Δράκων; Drákōn) [German version] [1] see Dragon slayers see  Dragon slayers Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) [German version] [2] Athenian lawmaker c. 620 BC Athenian lawmaker said to have enacted in 621/20 BC the first ‘statutes’ (θεσμοί; thesmoí) set down in writing. We know as little about D. personally as we do about his activity as a lawmaker: he was perhaps one of the  Thesmothetai and/or given special authority [1. 31]. His laws were written down and publicly displayed on numbered blocks of wood (ἄξονες; áxones) that were hung up vertically and could be swivelled on…

Demonax

(429 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) | Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile (Antony)
(Δημῶναξ; Dēmônax or Δαμῶναξ; Damônax). [German version] [1] D. of Mantinea Arbitrator in Cyrene about 550 BC Respected aristocrat who was appointed as ‘arbitrator’ (καταρτιστήρ; katartistḗr) in  Cyrene about 550 BC on the advice of the Delphic Oracle (Hdt. 4,161). To resolve the internal conflicts, D. reformed the three phylai in which he redistributed the different groups of colonists and immigrants, the Theraeans and Perioeci, Peloponnesians and Cretans, ‘Nesiotai’, i.e. people from the (Ionian?) islands [1]. D. restricted the royal power o…

Epimenes

(121 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne)
[German version] (Ἐπιμένης; Epiménēs) from  Miletus. After the fall of the Neleids in the 7th cent. BC, he was supposedly elected by the deme as   aisymnḗtēs with authority over life and death (Nic. Damasc. FGrH 90 F 53). The purges attributed to him there ─ proscription, exile, confiscation of property ─ correspond to the rules of a decree from the 5th cent. (ML 43), which states that the office of the ἐπιμήνιοι ( epimḗnioi) is to carry out such measures which are common in coups d'états. This is probably the basis for the later, possibly Peripatetic construction of the aesymneteia of E. Hölkesk…

Pheidon

(487 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φείδων; Pheídōn). [German version] [1] Ph. the Corinthian From Corinth, legislator, early 7th cent. BC According to Aristot. Pol. 1265b 12-16, he was one of the 'oldest legislators' who is said to have been the originator of a law in which the number of houses had to equal the number of citizens; it appears therefore to have served to protect the owners of plots of land and to maintain the balance of land ownership ratios ( klḗros ). Like the similar law of Philolaus [1], the law is probably authentic; it was possibly still in use in the time of the Bacchiadae regime (early 7th cent. BC). Hölkeskamp…

Nicodorus

(97 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne)
[German version] (Νικόδωρος/ Nikódōros) from Mantinea; he was of noble birth and a successful athlete who was on the one hand compared as a great ‘legislator’ to Solon, and on the other hand connected with the notorious atheist Diagoras [2] of Melos (Ael. VH. 2,23; Eust. ad Hom. Od. p. 1860,52ff.). We do not know whether he was the originator of a moderately democratic constitution initiated in 425 or 423 BC in Mantinea (Aristot. Pol. 6,2,1318b 21ff.) [1. 101ff.]. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) Bibliography 1 H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985. K.-J. Hölkeskamp, Schiedsrichter, Gesetz…

Lycurgus

(2,669 words)

Author(s): Heinze, Theodor (Geneva) | Visser, Edzard (Basle) | Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Et al.
(Λυκοῦργος/ Lykoûrgos, ep. Λυκόοργος/ Lykóorgos, Lat. Lucurgus, Lycurgus). [German version] [1] Son of Dryas Son of Dryas, in Nonnus also son of Ares (Nonnus, Dion. 20,149 et passim), opponent of Dionysus, who drives the latter's nurses over the unidentified Nysḗïon mountains ( Nysa) with the bouplḗx (‘ox beater’) and intimidates the mad god to such an extent that he dives into the sea to Thetis (Hom. Il. 6,128-140). While in Aeschylus' tetralogy Lykourgeía (TrGF 3 T 68: Ēdōnoí F 57-67, Bassárai/- rídes F 23-25, Neānískoi F 146-149, Lykoûrgos F 124-126) L. is king of the Thracian …

Philolaus

(1,133 words)

Author(s): Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) | Riedweg, Christoph (Zürich)
(Φιλόλαος; Philólaos). [German version] [1] P. of Corinth is said to have belonged to the group of nobles called the Bacchiadae, to have gone into exile in Thebes with his lover Diocles, and to have been buried there in a clearly visible tomb (Aristot. Pol. 1274a 31-b5). P. gave the Thebans laws on the procreation of children, which were referred to as νόμοι θετικοί ( nómoi thetikoí), apparently aimed at preserving the number of plots of land (Aristot. Pol. 1274b 2-5), perhaps through adoption of an heir by childless landowners. Such measures, which were also …

Bias

(447 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne)
(Βίας; Bías). [German version] [1] Mythical son of Amythaon Mythical son of  Amythaon and Idomene or Aglaea; brother of the seer  Melampus. The latter assisted B. in his courtship of Pero, daughter of Neleus and Chloris. As bride-price, Neleus demanded restoration of the cattle that Phylacus had stolen from his wife Chloris. Melampus did that for his brother (Apollod. 1,96-103; Hom. Od. 11,287-297; 15,225-238). Originally from Pylos, B. gained mastery -- again with the help of his brother, who cured the…