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[German version] (Ἐκφαντίδης; Ekphantídēs). Early playwright of the Old Comedy [1. test. 4]. After 458 BC, he won four times in the Dionysia [1. test. 1]. Two titles of his plays are known: Peírai and Sátyroi. An unknown play is the origin of fr. 3Ekphantides fr. 3, in which E. criticizes the Megarian Comedy. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 126-129.

[German version] (Ἐμμενίδης; Emmenídēs). Writer of New Comedy [1] known to us only epigraphically; won a victory at the Lenaia in the 2nd cent. BC. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 130.

[German version] (Κρωβύλος). Writer of comedies in the 4th cent. BC, with 11 fragments preserved: two can be assigned to the comedy Ἀπαγχόμενος (‘He Who Hangs Himself’), two to Ἀπολείπουσα (or -λιποῦσα, ‘The Woman Who Left (the Man) ’) and three to Ψευδυποβολιμαῖος (‘The False Substitute’). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG IV, 1983, 350-355.

[German version] (Λάμπυτος; Lámpytos). Poet of the New Comedy, known only from an inscription; in 167 BC he took fourth place at the Dionysia (I. test.). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 609.

[German version] (Τηλεκλείδης; Tēlekleídēs). Writer of the Attic Old Comedy with three victories at the Dionysia [1. test. 3] and five at the Lenaea [1. test. 4], from the generation of Cratinus [1. test. 3 and 4], i.e. c. 450-420 BC. Despite his success only 8 titles and 73 fragments have been preserved. In them there is a great deal of personal derision: against Pericles (fr. 18; 47), but also against poets such as Philocles [4] (fr. 15; 31), Nothippus (fr. 17) and and the Socrates-inspired Euripides [1] (fr. 41), perhaps against Morychus ( Apseudeís, fr. 12, probably soon after 426 BC…

[German version] (Θεόγνητος; Theógnētos). Comic poet of the 3rd cent. BC (cf. Pantaleon mentioned in fr. 2). Two fragments and three titles survive: Κένταυρος ('The centaur'), Φιλοδέσποτος ('The one who loves his master', probably referring to a slave [2. 28710]) and Φάσμα ἢ Φιλάργυρος ('The ghost or The miser'); in the surviving fr. 1 of this play there is mockery of somebody who has lost his mind in the pursuit of Stoic philosophy. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 696-698 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990.

[German version] The terms caricature, grotesque,   grylloi are sometimes defined differently, sometimes not strictly separated, sometimes used synonymously [11. 89]; but although the word grotesque is differentiated from caricature because, unlike it, caricature refers precisely to a model, in order to cover as many aspects as possible a broader definition of the term caricature is to be preferred [4. 4]. Therefore, regarding term and delimitation. cf. the essential [9]. Caricature as deviation from the normal evoked mockery very early on (Thersites: Hom. Il. 2…

[German version] (Φιλύλλιος; Philýllios). Comic poet from the 5th/4th cents. BC; according to the Suda he was a contemporary of Diocles [5] and Sannyrion [1. test. 2]. He was victorious at the Lenaean festival and possibly at the Dionysian [1. test. 3, *4]. Thirty-three fragments and ten titles have survived, of which six are of a mythical nature (Αἰγεύς, Ἀταλάντη, Αὔγη, Ἑλένη, Ἡρακλῆς, Πλύντριαι ἢ Ναυσικάα; 'Aegeus', 'Atalante', 'Auge', 'Helen', 'Heracles, 'The Washerwomen or Nausicaa'). The last-…

[German version] (Πολίοχος; Políochos). Attic comic poet of the 5th cent. BC, victor on one occasion at the Lenaea [1. test. 1]. Two fragments survive, one from the play Κορινθιαστής ( Korinthiastḗs, 'The Whoremonger'). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 550-551.

[German version] Son of  Aristophanes [3]; had the victory at the Dionysia 387 BC with the Kokalos of his father ([1. test.1; 3], [2]) and probably soon thereafter performed the second Aiolosikon of his father (Aristophanes, Aiolosikon, test. iv). The Suda [1. test. 1] places the beginning of A.'s activity in the 101st Olympiad (376/5-373/2 BC), which presumably means the performing of his own works [2], of which six titles (three of mythic content, three of non-mythic content) are extant. Alexis fr. 184 derides A. as frosty [1.test.4]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II…

[German version] (Ποσῆς/ Posês). Athenian comedian in the early 1st century BC; his father was a comedian called Ariston [2. 569], as was his son [2. 570]; victor at the Sarapian Games in Tanagra in c. 85 [1. test. 1]. P. was also an archon (in 88/87 [1. test. 2]), a gymnasiarch [1. test. 3] and together with his brother Timostratus a mint-magistrate ( c. 101 [1. test. 4]. Neither fragments nor titles of his plays survive. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 560 2 PCG II, 1991, 569-570 3 Ch. Habicht, Athen in hellenistischer Zeit, 1994, 296.

[German version] (Λάων; Láōn). Writer of the New Comedy. As he is quoted by Heraclides [18], it is safe to assume he belongs in the 3rd cent. BC. Two fragments are extant, of which fragment 1 is from a play Διαθῆκαι ( Diathêkai, ‘The Wills’); in fragment 2 (without a play title) an adulterer speaks. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V 610.

[German version] (Δρόμων; Drómōn). Poet of the 4th cent. BC; two fragments of his play Psaltria are extant [1]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 124-125.

[German version] (Νούιος; Noúios). Comic poet of the 2nd cent. BC, known only from inscriptions; achieved three victories at the Lenaea. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 94.

[German version] Writer of the Old Comedy, victorious at the Dionysia at the earliest in 411 BC [1. test. 1]; ridiculed in Aristoph. Ran. 12-15 [1. test. 2] because of his bad jokes. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1PCG V, 1986, 615.

[German version] (Νικοχάρης; Nikochárēs). Comic poet of the 5th/4th cents. BC, from the Attic Cydathenaeum demos. Son of the comedian Philonides [1. test. 1 and 2]. 28 fragments and 9 titles are preserved, of which 7 are mythological (Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀμυμώνη ὴ Πέλοψ, Γαλάτεια, Ἡρακλῆς γαμῶν, Ἡρακλῆς χορηγός, Λάκωνες, Λήμνιαι). With the Λάκωνες, he competed against Aristophanes' [3] second Πλοῦτος in 388; his Γαλάτεια dates from the same period [2. 203]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG 7, 1989, 39-49 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die attische Mittlere Komödie, 1990.

[German version] (Στράταγος; Strátagos). Greek comic poet of the 3rd cent. BC, known only from an honorary inscription by Dionysus technitai found in Ptolemais in Egypt ( c. 273-246 BC). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 616.

[German version] Writer of New Comedy known to us only through inscriptions; winner of the Lenaea festival in the 3rd cent. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG IV, 12.

[German version] (Λαίνης; Laínēs). Comic poet of the 2nd cent. BC, attested only in inscriptions; he won three victories at the Dionysia (1. test. 2), one of which is dated to 185 BC (1. test. 1). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 609.

[German version] Poet of the New Comedy, from whom four fragments and two titles ( Diamartanon, Thesauros, where a cook speaks) are extant. Worthy of note is his attack on the politician  Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes [1 test.2 and fr. 4]. A. could be identical with the anagrapheus of the year 320/19 and may have been politically active as ally of the Macedonian royal administrator  Antipater [2]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 533-536 2 Chr. Habicht, The comic poet A., in: Hesperia 62, 1993, 253-256.

[German version] (Διώξιππος; Diṓxippos). Poet of the Middle Comedy; titles of five plays have survived [1. test. 1]: Antipornoboskós [2], Diadikazómenoi, Thēsaurós, Historiográphos (possibly mocking the oligarchic, pro-Macedonian politician Callimedon, fr. 3Dioxippos fr. 3), and Philárgyros. He was probably involved in the Lenaea of 349 BC as didaskalos for a play by Anaxandrides [1. test. 2]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 44-46 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990, 324.

[German version] (Φοινικίδης/ Phoinikídēs). 3rd century BC comic poet from Megara [1. test. 2]; twice victorious at the Dionysia [1. test. 3]. At the Lenaea he took fifth place in 285 with the Ἀνασῳζόμενοι/ Anasōizómenoi, and fourth place the following year with the Ποιητής/ Poiētḗs. Four fragments and five titles (in addition to those already listed: Αὐλητρίδες/ Aulētrides, Μισουμένη/ Misouménē, Φύλαρχος/ Phýlarchos) survive; in the untitled fragment 4, a hetaira wants to give up her craft because of bad experiences she had had with three lovers (a soldier, a ph…

[German version] Poet of the Old Comedy, of whom the titles Theseus and Helios Rhigon, as well as eight fragments are extant. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 571-573.

[German version] (Νικοφῶν; Nikophôn). Comic poet of the 5th/4th cents. BC; he was victorious at the Lenaea and prior to 402 at the Dionysia [1. Test. 3 and 4; 2. 203]. In 388 his Ἄδωνις ( Ádōnis) rivaled Aristophanes' Πλοῦτος (Ploûtos). 30 fragments have survived; of the six known titles four have a mythological subject: In addition to Ἄδωνις, the titles are Ἀφροδίτης γοναί ( Aphrodítēs gonaí) , Πανδώρα ( Pandṓra), Σειρῆνες ( Seirênes); the latter [1. Fr. 20-22] treat the popular topic of the Land of Plenty. The titles indicate that N. (although Athenaeus [3] and H…

[English version] (Λάμπυτος). Nur inschr. bekannter Dichter der Neuen Komödie; er wurde 167 v.Chr. an den Dionysien Vierter (1. test.). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 609.

[English version] (Φιλύλλιος). Komödiendichter des 5./4. Jh. v.Chr., nach der Suda Zeitgenosse des Diokles [5] und des Sannyrion [1. test. 2]; siegte an den Lenäen und vielleicht an den Dionysien [1. test. 3, *4]. Erh. sind 33 Fr. und 10 Titel, von denen sechs mythischer Natur sind (Αἰγεύς, Ἀταλάντη, Αὔγη, Ἑλένη, Ἡρακλῆς, Πλύντριαι ἢ Ναυσικάα); das letztgenannte Stück [1. fr. 8] aus dem letzten Jahrzehnt des 5. Jh. verspottet den attischen Politiker Laispodias [2. 203]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 374-387 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Ko…

[English version] Dichter der Alten Komödie, von dem die Titel Theseus und Helios Rhigon sowie acht Fragmente überliefert sind. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 571-573.

[English version] Sohn des Aristophanes [3]; siegte an den Dionysien 387 v. Chr. mit dem Kokalos seines Vaters ([1. test.1; 3], [2]) und führte wohl bald danach auch den zweiten Aiolosikon seines Vaters auf (Aristophanes, Aiolosikon, test. iv). Die Suda [1. test. 1] setzt den Beginn von A.' Tätigkeit in die 101. Ol. (376/5-373/2 v. Chr.), was wohl die Aufführung eigener Stücke bedeutet [2], von denen sechs Titel (drei myth. Inhalts, drei nichtmyth.) erh. sind. Alexis fr. 184 verspottet A. als frostig [1.test.4]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 524-531 2 H.-G. Nessel…

[English version] (Νικοφῶν). Komödiendichter des 5./4. Jh. v.Chr., siegte an den Lenäen und vor 402 an den Dionysien [1. test. 3 und 4; 2. 203]. 388 rivalisierte er mit seinem Ἄδωνις mit Aristophanes' Πλοῦτος. Erh. sind 30 Fr.; von den sechs bekannten Titeln geben vier ein myth. Sujet an: neben dem erwähnten Ἄδωνις die Titel Ἀφροδίτης γοναί, Πανδώρα, Σειρῆνες; letztere [1. fr. 20-22] behandeln das beliebte Thema des Schlaraffenlandes. Die Titel zeigen, daß N. (obwohl von Athenaios [3] und Harpokra…

[English version] (Νούιος). Nur inschr. bezeugter Komödiendichter des 2. Jh.v.Chr.; errang drei Siege an den Lenäen. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 94.

[English version] (Διώξιππος). Dichter der Mittleren Komödie, von dem noch fünf Stücktitel bekannt sind [1. test. 1]: Antipornoboskós [2], Diadikazómenoi, Thēsaurós, Historiográphos (in dem vielleicht der oligarchische, promaked. Politiker Kallimedon verspottet wird, fr. 3Dioxippos fr. 3) und Philárgyros. Betätigte sich wahrscheinlich bei den Lenäen 349 v.Chr. als Didaskalos für ein Stück des Anaxandrides [1. test. 2]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 44-46 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990, 324.

[English version] (Λάων). Dichter der Neuen Komödie. Er gehört, da ihn Herakleides [18] zitiert, ins 3. Jh.v.Chr. Zwei Fr. sind erh., davon fr. 1 aus einem Stück Διαθῆκαι (‘Die Testamente); in fr. 2 (ohne Stücktitel) spricht ein Ehebrecher. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V 610.

[English version] (Ἐμμενίδης). Nur inschr. bekannter Dichter der Neuen Komödie [1]; siegte im 2. Jh.v.Chr. an den Lenäen. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 130.

[English version] Die Begriffe K., Groteske, Grylloi werden teils verschieden definiert, teils nicht strikt getrennt, teils syn. gebraucht [11. 89]; aber obwohl sich gerade das Groteske von der K., weil nicht wie sie unbedingt auf ein Vorbild bezogen, von dieser unterscheiden läßt, wird hier zur Erfassung möglichst vieler Erscheinungen ein weiter gefaßter K.-Begriff bevorzugt [4. 4]. Zu Begriff und Abgrenzung vgl. daher unbedingt [9]. K. als Abweichung vom Normalen rief schon früh Spott hervor (Thersites: Hom. Il. 2,212ff.); mißproportionierte Gestalten er…

[English version] (Φοινικίδης). Komödiendichter des 3. Jh. v.Chr. aus Megara [1. test. 2]; siegte zweimal an den Dionysien [1. test. 3], errang an den Lenäen 285 mit den Ἀνασῳζόμενοι den fünften, im folgenden Jahr mit dem Ποιητής den vierten Platz. Erh. sind vier Fr. und fünf Titel (neben den genannten Αὐλητρίδες, Μισουμένη, Φύλαρχος); im ohne Titel erhaltenen Fr. 4 will eine Hetäre ihr Handwerk aufgeben, weil sie mit drei Liebhabern (einem Soldaten, einem Arzt und einem Philosophen) zu schlechte Erfahrungen gemacht habe [2. 323]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG 7,…

[English version] (Ποσῆς). Athenischer Komödiendichter des früheren 1. Jh. v. Chr.; er war Sohn eines Komödiendichters Ariston [2. 569] wie auch Vater eines solchen [2. 570]; ca. 85 Sieger an den Sarapischen Spielen in Tanagra [1. test. 1]. P. war ebenfalls Archon (88/87 [1. test. 2]), Gymnasiarch [1. test. 3] und neben seinem Bruder Timostratos Münzmagistrat (um 101 [1. test. 4]. Weder Fr. noch Stücktitel sind erhalten. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 560 2 PCG II, 1991, 569-570 3 Ch. Habicht, Athen in hell. Zeit, 1994, 296.

[English version] Dichter der Alten Komödie, siegte frühestens 411 v.Chr. an den Dionysien [1. test. 1]; bei Aristoph. Ran. 12-15 [1. test. 2] wegen seiner abgestandenen Witze verspottet. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 615.

[English version] (Δρόμων). Dichter des 4. Jh.v.Chr., von dem zwei Fragmente des Stücks Psaltria erh. sind [1]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 124-125.

[English version] (Ἐκφαντίδης). .Früher Dichter der Alten Komödie [1. test. 4]; siegte nach 458 v.Chr. viermal an den Dionysien [1. test. 1]. Bekannt sind die Stücktitel Peírai und Sátyroi. Aus einem unbekannten Stück stammt fr. 3Ekphantides fr. 3, in dem E. die megarische Komödie kritisiert. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 126-129.

[English version] (Λαίνης). Nur inschr. bezeugter Komödiendichter des 2. Jh.v.Chr.; er errang drei Siege an den Dionysien (1. test. 2), von denen einer in das Jahr 185 v.Chr. datiert ist (1. test. 1). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 609.

[English version] Dichter der Neuen Komödie, von dem 4 Fragmente und 2 Titel ( Diamartanon, Thesauros, wo ein Koch spricht) erh. sind. Bemerkenswert ist seine Attacke gegen den Politiker Demochares, Neffe des Demosthenes [1 test.2 und fr. 4]. A. könnte mit dem anagrapheús des Jahres 320/19 identisch und als Verbündeter des maked. Reichsverwesers Antipatros polit. tätig gewesen sein [2]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 533-536 2 Chr. Habicht, The comic poet A., in: Hesperia 62, 1993, 253-256.

[English version] (Νικοχάρης). Komödiendichter des 5./ 4. Jh.v.Chr., aus dem att. Demos Kydathenaion. Sohn des Komikers Philonides [1. test. 1 und 2]. Erh. sind 28 Fr. und 9 Titel, davon 7 myth. (Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀμυμώνη ὴ Πέλοψ, Γαλάτεια, Ἡρακλῆς γαμῶν, Ἡρακλῆς χορηγός, Λάκωνες, Λήμνιαι). Mit den Λάκωνες konkurrierte er 388 gegen Aristophanes' [3] zweiten Πλοῦτος; seine Γαλάτεια stammt aus derselben Zeit [2. 203]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG 7, 1989, 39-49 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990.

[English version] (Κρωβύλος). Komödiendichter des 4. Jh. v.Chr., von dem 11 Fr. erh. sind; zwei davon lassen sich der Komödie Ἀπαγχόμενος (‘Der sich Erhängende), zwei der Ἀπολείπουσα (oder -λιποῦσα, ‘Die Frau, die (den Mann) verläßt) und drei dem Ψευδυποβολιμαῖος (‘Der falsch Untergeschobene) zuordnen. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG IV, 1983, 350-355.

[English version] Nur inschr. bezeugter Dichter der Neuen Komödie; Lenäensieger im 3.Jh. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG IV, 12.

[English version] (Πολίοχος). Att. Komödiendichter des 5. Jh. v. Chr., siegte einmal an den Lenäen [1. test. 1]. Erh. sind zwei Fr., davon eines aus dem Stück Κορινθιαστής ( Korinthiastḗs, ‘Der Liederliche). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 550-551.

(Φιλοστέφανος/ Philostéphanos). [German version] [1] P. of Cyrene Pupil of Callimachus, 3rd cent. BC Pupil (γνώριμος/ gnṓrimos) of Callimachus [3] (Ath. 331d; cf. [4. vol. 2, 752]), lived in the reign of Ptolemaeus Philopator (222-206 BC, cf. [1. 30]). Author of ostensibly geographical works whose true compass is in the aetiological and paradoxographic (Gell. NA 9,4,3 puts P. alongside other authors of res inauditae, Aristeas, Ctesias, Onesicritus), of which we have only scanty fragments and titles, which may also denote parts of a single comprehensive wor…

(Ποσειδῶν/ Poseidôn, Doric Ποτειδάν/ Poteidán, along with other forms of the name). I. Myth and cult [German version] A. General remarks P. was the Greek "god of the sea, of earthquakes and of horses" (Paus. 7,21,7). He belongs to the older strata of Greek religion: his name is already well attested in Mycenaean times. He was worshipped both in Knossos and in Pylus [2], where he also had a sanctuary (the Posidaion), a cult association (the Posidaiewes) and probably even a wife, Posidaeja [1. 181-185]; his local importance is still reflected in Pylian Nestor's [1] sacrifice to…

(Σάτυρος/ Sátyros, pl. Σάτυροι/ Sátyroi, Latin Satur, Satyrus), also Silenus (Σι-, Σειληνός/ Si-, Seilēnós, pl. Σι-, Σειληνοί/ Si-, Seilēnoí, Doric Σιλανός/ Silanós, Latin Silenus, Silanus). [German version] I. Mythology, art and cult A satyr/Silenus was a member of a group of demons who, since their relatively late emergence at the end of the 7th/beginning of the 6th cent. BC, have formed part of the mythical entourage of the god Dionysus; Silens, as a more or less distinctive and independent figure, emerged from that retinue…

(Θησεύς /Thēseús). Mythical king and national hero of the Athenians (Athens). T. belongs to the generation before the Trojan War. He is the son of Aethra, daughter of Pittheus. His divine father is Poseidon, his human father the Athenian king Aegeus. [German version] I. Myth T. grew up with Pittheus at Troezen, because Aegeus abandoned the pregnant Aethra in the light of an oracular prophecy. Having found the symbolic items (sword, shoes) left there by Aegeus, he made his way to Athens. During the journey, T. had to survive several battles…

(Σειρῆνες/ Seirḗnes; Latin Sirenes, Sirenae). [German version] I. Mythology Mythical female creatures who sing seductively Sirens are mythical beings (in Greek myth female) in ancient sailors' tales (the earliest evidence - admittedly without context - extends back to the Mycenaean period [1]). Their seductive song makes sailors forget their home  (cf. Lotophagi) and perish. Instructed by Circe, Odysseus outwits the Sirens: he stops the ears of his companions with wax and has himself tied to the mast with inst…