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[German version] River rising in the Alpes Maritimae (Plin. HN 3,118) and flowing from the right-hand side into the Padus (modern Po) near Valentia and Forum Fulvi, modern Tanaro. Hasta [4], Alba Pompeia, Pollentia [1] and Augusta [1] Bagiennorum are on its course. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography A. Costanzo, La romanizzazione nel bacino idrografico padano, 1975, 98  E. Panero, La città romana in Piemonte, 2000, 25.

[German version] Town of the Sabini (Str. 5,3,1; 11 [1. 479]) at the via Salaria, 18 miles away from Rome, where the via Nomentana branches off (Tab. Peut. 5,5; It. Ant. 306,5). Being situated near the border of Rome, E. was involved in many disputes in the time of the Roman kings (Liv. 3,26,2; 29,7; 38,3; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,32; 59; 4,3; 51; 5,45; 11,3 [2. 435-437]). Finally, E. was incorporated into Nomentum (Liv. 3,26,2; 29,7; 38,3; 42,3; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 11,3,2) and assigned to the tribus Clustumina. E. is modern Casa Cotta di Montelibretti [3. 57]. There is a necropoli…

[German version] Name given to a people from the eastern, Venetian part of the Po plain who withdrew to the mountainous interior of the country when the  Veneti came from the east (cf. the Paphlagonian immigrants in Liv. 1,1,2f.). There they mixed with the Raeti and later were frequently confused with them [1. 486f.; 3. 101f.]. Cato (HRR fr. 41) menti ons 34 oppida of the E., among these the  Camunni, Trumplini and Stoeni (uncertain), while for others the Camunni were Raeti (Str. 4,6,8) and the Stoeni were Ligures (Acta Triumphalia for the year 637; Str. …

[German version] Left-bank tributary of the Padus (Plin. HN 3,118; Geogr. Rav. 4,36), today the Oglio. It rises on the southern slopes of the Ortler Group, flowing through the valley of the Camunni (today the Val Camonica), forming the Lacus Sebin(n)us (Lago d'Iseo) and flows out into the Padus after a course of c. 280 km south west of Mantua. It formed the frontier between the regiones X and XI. O. was also occasionally a personal name (masc.; fem. form Ollia; cf. CIL III 3893; CIL V 6445). Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography Nissen 2, 196.

[German version] [1] Roman fort in Germania Inferior Roman fort in Germania Inferior (Germani [1] II.) on the road from Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne) to Confluentes [1] (Koblenz), modern Remagen. At least from the Claudian era a wood and earth fort existed; from the Flavian era, a stone fort stood in the same place. Numerous stone inscriptions are extant. R. was a beneficiarii station from the 2nd half of the 2nd to the middle of the 3rd cents. AD. A hoard of coins from AD 270/280 (274/5?) has been connected with the occupation of …

[German version] General term for the area to the north of the Padus (modern Po; cf. Cic. Off. 3,22,88; Catull. 39,13: Transpadanus; [1. 274; 2. 149; 3. 28 f.; 4. 7 f.]), as an adjective connected only with Italia (Tac. Hist. 2,32; CIL X 3870), never with Gallia. Augustus' regional reform recognises a regio XI T. bounded in the east by the Ollius ( Regio with map; Plin. HN 3,123; Tac. Hist. 1,70; Plin. Ep. 6,6). Towards the end of the 3rd cent. AD, T. was understood to be the whole of the Padus plain to the south of the Alpes; divided in the 4th cent. into Aemilia and Liguria [5. 236 f.; 6. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Colonization | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt (Πλακεντία/ Plakentía). Town on the right bank of the Padus (Po); the mouth of the Trebia lies just westward (ILS 9371; Str. 5,1,11; Plin. HN 3,118; Ptol. 3,1,46), modern Piacenza. The beginnings of the town go back to the Terramare culture, followed by Etruscan settlers (Liv. 5,33,10; cf. the 'liver of Piacenza' of c. 200 BC in the Museo Civico; Haruspices with illustration), and subsequently Galli Anamares (Liv.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Villanova Culture | Raeti, Raetia Chief town of a Ligurian tribe of the Golasecca culture, inhabited since the 12th cent. BC (necropolis of the Ca' Morta), modern Como. Strong influence of the Celtic Insubres [1. 207f.] of the Padana. Control of the lacus Larius and one of the most important passes across the Alps. Reached by the Romans in 196 BC (Liv. 33,36f.), C. became a ‘fictive’ Roman colonia in 89 (based on the lex Pompeia: Str. 5,1,6). Expanded by one of the Scipiones (83 or 77 BC) and refounded by Caesar as N…

[German version] Transpadanian city south-east of Mediolanum (Milan), between the Lambrus and Addua rivers, modern Lodi Vecchio [1]. Probably of Gallic origin ( Boii, Plin. HN 3,124), named after Cn. Pompeius Strabo ( cos. in 89 BC). Municipium, tribus Pupinia (Ascon. in Cic. Pis. 1). Few archaeological remains; aerial photographs clarify the ancient urban structure and location as an important road junction. Nearby probably a sanctuary of Hercules. Ambrosius installed Bassianus as the first bishop of L.P. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography 1 M. Harari, P. Tozzi, s.v. Lodi Ve…

[German version] Main settlement of the Volsci; its exact location to the north of the Monti Lepini is not known (Liv. 4,61,5; 6,31,5). An ongoing obstacle for the Romans [1. 649; 2. 100] (Liv. 3,10,8; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 8,4), E. even stood up to them (at the end of the 5th cent. BC) after the fall of  Antium [3. 434], which was allied to E. (Liv. 4,59,1; Diod. Sic. 14,16,5). The Ecetrani, de facto displaced by the Privernati, are still found in Liv. 6,31 for 378 BC; thereafter, their traces vanish. The name of the town, which particularly in its Greek form Ἐχέτρα ( Echétra), similar to Cimetra (…

[German version] Wealthy, probably Etruscan town in upper Italy (Nep. fr. 56 Halm in Plin. HN 3,125), taken and razed by a Celtic coalition, allegedly on the same day Veii fell (386 BC). Exact location unknown [1. 154], usually identified with Melzo, less probably with Marzabotto [2. 247]. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Town of the Celtic-Ligurian Laevi to the west of the Ticinus (Plin. HN 3,124; Ptol. 3,1,33: Celtic; Cato, HRR fr. 40: Ligurian), present-day Novara. In the period of the Roman Empire it was a flourishing town on the road from Mediolan(i)um [1] to the West (It. Ant. 344,5). Its territory extended into the valleys of the Alps.…

[German version] Celto-Ligurian people on the left bank of the Padus (Po), who, along with others (Ligurian Salluvii: Liv. 5,35,2, or Sallii: Plin. HN 3,124), founded Vercellae (Pol. 2,17,4; Plin. HN 4,5; Ptol. 3,1,36; Liv. 21,38,7; 33,37,6: Libui). …

[German version] Tributary of the Padus/Po, modern Mincio; sluggish (Liv. 24,10,7; Plin. HN. 2,224; 3,131; Verg. Ecl. 7,12f.; 10,205f.; Verg. Georg. 3,14f.; 2,198f.; Sidon. epist. 1,5,4; Claud. Carm. 12,12f.) outflow of Lacus Benacus (Verg. Aen. 10,205f.), prehistoric [2. 532] trade route, navigable to Mantua. Formed the boundary between the Cenomanni [3] and the Veneti (Pol. 34,10,19 = Strab. 4,6,12). From the 5th cent. BC, centre of Etruscan expansion between roads converging from the Adriatic, the Apennines and the Alps [3. 18]. …

[German version] (modern Lambro). Left-bank tributary of the Padus (Po), rises in the mountains at the lacus Larius, forms the lacus Eupilis (Plin. HN 3,131; modern Lago di Pusiano), flows through the Brianza and joins the Padus east of Mediolanum. Name pre-Roman, possibly Mediterranean (* …

[German version] [1] A people of Southern Gaul, near Massilia A people of southern Gaul, near Massilia (Plin. HN 3,130). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Py, Les Gaulois du midi, 1993. [German version] [2] Tribe of the gallic Aulerci Tribe of the Aulerci in the region of modern Maine, between the Loire and the Seine. Their capital was civitas Cenomanorum, the modern Le Mans (Notitia Galliarum 3,2). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [3] Tribe of the Gallic Aulerci, migrated to Italy (Cenomani). Tribe of the Gallic Aulerci, originally living in the Maine (probably t…

[German version] [1] City of the Hirpini City of the Hirpini in the mountains of Samnium, destroyed by the Romans in 298 BC. It was to the te…

[German version] Originally a theoretical principle of classification of astronomical and augural ( A ugures ) practice (Cic. Div. 1,17; 1,30; 2,3; 2,9; Ov. Ib. 38; Cic. Nat. D. 2,19; 2,50), elements of the division of Rome into four parts by Servius Tullius (Varro, Ling. 5,45; 49; 51; 53; Liv. 1,43,13; Plin. HN 18,13; Paul. Fest. 506,5), which was transferred to the tribus : I. Suburana, II. Esquilina, III. Collina, IV. Palatina (Rome III with map 3). Augustus partitioned the city, which had grown prodigiously in the meantime, into 14 …

[German version] Ligurian (Plin. HN 3,123;  Str. 4,6,6) or Celtic people between the Doria Riparia (Alpes Cottiae) and the upper Padus (modern Po). They were involved in Rome's wars against the Celts at the end of the 4th cent. BC (Pol. 2,28,4) and opposed in vain Hannibal's [4] march into Italy in 218 BC, resulting in the destruction of their capital Taurasia [2] (App. Hann.…

[German version] (Τικῖνος/ Tikînos, modern Ticino). Left-bank tributary of the Padus (modern Po; Sil. Pun. 4,82; Plin. HN 3,118), which rises in the Alpes Graiae, forms Lacus Verban(n)us  (Str. 4,6,12; Plin. HN 2,224) and flows into the Padus about 8 km below Ticinum  (Str. 5,1,11). It was on the T. that Hannibal [4] defeated P. Cornelius [I 68] Scipio in 218 BC. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Coloniae | Coloniae | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt First Lat. colonia (Pol. 3,40,5) north of the Po in the region of the Cenomani [1. 57]. Italic bridgehead against the Insubres and Boii (Tac. Hist. 3,34) as well as against Hannibal (Liv. 21,25 etc.). In 190 BC, it was newly settled (Liv. 37,46) and became an important road junction of the via Postumia and the site of a large market (Tac. Hist. 3,30). In the year 90 BC, it became municipium of the tribus Aniensis, in 81 probably capital of the prov. Ga…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt (modern Pavia). Settlement of the Celtic Libici (Pol. 2,17,4-6; Liv. 5,32,2: Laevi) and Marici (Plin. HN 3,124) in the Transpadana, a region previously settled by the Insubres, where the Ticinus flows into the Padus (modern Po). Despite being patronised by Augustus (honorary arch: CIL V 6416), the municipium ( tribus Papiria) was overtaken in significance by neigh…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Centre of the Golasecca culture (6th/5th cent. BC) between the foothills of the Orobian-Raetian Alps (on the location of Parra Oromobiorum: Cato Orig. 40) and the Cenomani of the Celtic Padana (Ptol. 3,1,31) [1. 61f.], modern Bergamo. Municipiu…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Natural catastrophes | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt (Μο[υ]τίνη/ Mo[u]tίnē), modern Modena. City on the northern slope of the Appenninus between the two rivers Secia (modern Secchia) and Scultenna (modern Panaro) that both flow into the lower course of the Padus (modern Po) from the right, at a strategically important position, where three passes from the south up over the mountain range meet the road from Ariminum along the southern edge of the Po valley (from 187 BC, the via Aemili…

[German version] Main settlement of the Celtic-Ligurian Anares (Pol. 2,34) in the south of Ticinum, modern Casteggio. Traffic node. In 222 BC the Romans defeated the Gauls near C. (Pol. 2,69; Plut. Marcellus 6; topic of the praetexta of same name by Naevius [1. 30f.]). Relay point on the via Postumia, vicus of Placentia (CIL V 7357). Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography 1 R. Chevallier, La romanisation de la Celtique du Pô, 1979. M. Baratta, C., 1931.

[German version] Inhabitants of the upper Oglio valley (Val Camonica), described by some sources as Raeti (Str. 4,6,7) or rather Euganei (Plin. HN 3,134) in the central Alps. A continuity in culture of more than 1000 years is evident in numerous rock paintings, ranging from phases I-III (Neolith…

[German version] A lake formed by the Ticinus in the Alpine foothills, modern Lago Verbano or Lago Maggiore (Pol. 34,10,21 = Str. 4,6,12; Plin. HN 2,224; 3,131; 9,69); Verg. G. 2,159 possibly hints at the lacus Verban(n)us. Vicus Sebuinus, later called Angleria (modern Angera), is on the eastern shore. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography Nissen, vol. 1, 181.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization (Μάντουα; Mántoua). Small (Str. 5,1,6) fortified (Plin. HN 3,130; Serv. Aen. 10,198) city in the 10th region between the swamps on the river Mincius, modern Mantova (an Etruscan origin for the name cannot be sustained; possible association with local names of watercourses, cf. the names Abdua, Padua, Meduacus). For Plin. in HN 3,…

[German version] Modern Lago Lario or Lago di Como. Formed by the Addua, which flows out again from the eastern arm (Plin. HN 2,224; Str. 4,6,12), it bisects the central foothills of the Alps. In antiquity, it stretched further towards the north (Cato fr. 38). The via Regina [1] runs parallel along the western shore from Comum to the Alpine passes (Splügen/Cuneus Aure…

[German version] Small river system [2. 473 f.] in the foothills of the central Alps, with the river Ollius (today: Mella) as its tributary, which has its own tributary called Garza. In Catull. 67,32 poetically called flavus (‘blond’). According to Verg. G. 4,277 f. it passes through sheep pastures n…

[German version] Forest on the right bank of the Padus (modern river Po) on the Via Aemilia. The praetor L. Postumius [I 5] Albinus was ambushed by the Boii there in 216 BC (Liv. 23,24,7; Frontin. Str. 1,6,4; Zon. 9,3). The consul L. Valerius Flaccus avenged him there in 195 BC (Liv. 34,22,1; 42,2).…