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(Σαδυάττης/ Sadyáttēs). Luwian name: prefix * sādu- 'efficient', final part - atta either 'father' as in Hittite, then 'stalwart father', or - more likely (- atta is a suffix) - 'a person who possesses stalwartness [1. 450]. The occurrence of the name after 1200 BC is proof of the survival of Luwian culture in West Anatolia until the Achaemenids in c. 550 BC. [German version] [1] Last king of Lydia from the house of the Heraclidae, murdered in c. 680 BC Last king of Lydia from the house of the Heraclidae, murdered by Gyges [1] in c. 680 BC. His epithet Candaules probably alludes to Hermes…

(Ἄρδυς; Árdys). [German version] [1] Lydian king of the Heraclid dynasty Lydian king of the Heraclid dynasty. The Heraclid list in Herodotus (1,7) and FGrH 90 Nicolaus (of Xanthus) is a construct from the time of Croesus, when Sparta's support was sought. A. supposedly was temporarily a cartwright and head of a caravan station ( kapeleion) in Cyme (FGrH 90 F 44). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Lydian king about 645 BC Lydian king about 645 BC. Son and successor of  Gyges, the founder of the Mermnad dynasty. Cimmerian raids -- now in conjunction with …

[German version] (Ἀλυάττης; Alyáttēs). Lydian king ( c. 600-561 BC), son of  Sadyattes, father of  Croesus. New founder of the empire, which he led to great power (list of peoples: Hdt. 1,28): he conquered  Smyrna (Hdt. 1,16) and undertook yearly campaigns against  Miletus (Hdt. 1,18). These aimed for the collection of tribute. Miletus received a special position as a foreign trade port (cf. Hdt. 1,141). In the east A. extended the kingdom to the upper  Halys (Mazaka). There it came to battles with the…

[German version] (Μερμνάδαι; Mermnádai). Lydian lineage, presumably originating in the Mysian-Bithynian region (see Dascyleion [2]). According to Andronius (apud Glossarium Oxy. 1802, Z. 46 [POxy book 15]), the name derives from the word for ‘buzzard’ (Indo-European root. * merh, ‘to grab, rob’). In c. 680 BC, the M. under Gyges gained power in Sardis where it is said they deposed the Heracleidae, who may have been of Luwian origin (Maeones; Maeonia [1]). The last ruler of the house of M. was Croesus (Hdt. 1,6-7; 27-92). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography S. Mazzarino, Fra orien…

(Νικοκλῆς; Nikoklês). [German version] [1] King of Salamis on Cyprus, from 374/373 B.C. King of Salamis on Cyprus, son and, from 374/373 BC, successor of Euagoras [1] I. (Diod. Sic. 15,47,8). N. died, probably together with Strato of Sidon, in the so-called Uprising of the Satraps, the main phase of which took place c. 362-360 B.C. Although N. continued the philhellenic policies of his father (Philhellenism), Hellenistic forms of sovereignty and way of life already announced themselves in N., since Isocrates…

(Κτησίας, Ktēsías) of Cnidus [German version] A. Life Historian in terms of literary genre, but in modern terms a novelist. C. came from an old family of doctors and lived as personal physician at the court of Artaxerxes [2]II for several years (405-398/7 BC). On his behalf he made contact with  Evagoras [1], the Athenian  Conon [1], as well as with Sparta. Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] B. Works C. composed a Períodos (a geographical treatise) and an Indiká with a range of factual reports. C. became famous, however, for his large, 23-volume Persiká written in lonic dialec…

[German version] (Φραδασμάνης; Phradasmánēs). Son of Phrataphernes, satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania. P. and his brothers were accepted into a Macedonian-Iranian cavalry unit in Susa in 324 BC (Arr. Anab. 7,6,4f.). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography A.B. Bosworth, Alexander and the Iranians, in: JHS 100, 1980, 1-21, esp. 13.

[German version] (Ὄτυς; Ótys). King of the Paphlagonians (Paphlagonia) and vassal of the king of the Persians. It is very likely that he bears an Iranian name (cf. Otanes, Old Persian Utāna-), whose etymology, as is often the case with abbreviated names, cannot be determined. In 395 BC, O. entered into an alliance against the great king together with Agesilaus [2] of Sparta. Högemann, Peter (Tübingen)

(Μανία; Manía). [German version] [1] Greek personification of madness Greek personification of madness. Cultic worship as Maníai (plural!) in the place of that name near Megalopolis. According to Paus. 8,34,1-3, Orestes went mad there (identification with Erinyes/Eumenides? Erinys). In the singular M. is found only in Quint. Smyrn. 5,451ff. for the rage of Ajax [1]. M. appears with an annotation of the name on a Lower Italian vase by Asteas depicting Hercules's infanticide ( Lyssa, Oestrus). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of the Roman goddess Larunda Another name for…

(Ξάνθος/ Xánthos). [German version] [1] Name of several figures in Greek mythology Name of several male figures in Greek mythology: 1) Son of Phaenops [2], who was killed by Diomedes [1] at the gates of Troy (Hom. Il. 5,152-158). 2) Son of Triopas and Oreasis. X. received a part of Lycia; from there, he settled the deserted island of Lesbos (Diod. Sic. 5,81,2; Hyg. Fab. 145). 3) One of the sons of Aegyptus, who is killed by Arcadia, daughter of Danaus (Hyg. Fab. 170). 4) A son of Niobe (Pherecydes FGrH 3 F …

(Γύγης; Gýgēs). [German version] [1] Lyd. king, 7th cent BC Lydian king ( c. 680-644 BC) and founder of the Mermnade Dynasty, is said, according to Herodotus (1,12), to have married the wife of his predecessor  Candaules, murdered by him, and (in this way) to have won rule in Sardis. It is uncertain from where the Lydian-speaking Mermnades came (from Maionia/Mysia?). In any case they were probably not in Sardis until the 1st millennium. Their relationship with the Luvian-speaking ([1. 384,10]  Luvian,  Lydia…

(Πίνδαρος/ Píndaros). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Ephesus (c. 560 BC) Tyrant of Ephesus ( c. 560 BC), nephew of Croesus. When Croesus laid siege to Ephesus, P. is said to have advised fastening the gates and walls of the town to the columns of the Artemisium (Ephesus with map) with ropes. Croesus, bound by a vow to the shrine, spared the town and promised safety and freedom but forced P. to leave; his son was spared and his fortune left untouched (Hdt. 1,26; Polyaenus, Strat. 6,50; Ael. VH 3,26). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography U. Muss, Bauplastik des archaischen Artemisions, 1…

[German version] (Τόμυρις/ Tómyris), 'the heroic' (?). Queen of the Massagetes, to the southeast of the Aral Sea, c. 530 BC. The exclusively Greek and Latin accounts are presumably legendary, with the earliest surviving being from Herodotus [1], also the most believable (Hdt. 1,205-214). In order to gain power over the Massagetae Cyrus [2] wooed T. but she spurned him. Cyrus decided on a military campaign and at the river Araxes [2] at the border received a message from T.: he may either continue three days' marc…

(Ξενόφιλος/ Xenóphilos). [German version] [1] Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC, victorious once at the Lenaia [1. test. 2] and possibly also once at the Dionysia [1. test. 1]; neither play titles nor fragments survive. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 803. [German version] [2] X. of Chalcidice Pythagorean and music theorist, c. 400 BC Pupil of Philolaus [2] (Diog. Laert. 8,46) and one of the last of the Pythagoreans (Iambl. v.P. 251; cf. Pythagoras [2]). X. was thought remarkable in Antiquity prim…

(Τιθραύστης/ Tithraústēs, 'the best by origin'). [German version] [1] Chiliarch of Artaxerxes [2] II, c. 400 BC Chiliarch (Medean hazarapati, 'master of a thousand') of Artaxerxes [2] II, defeated Tissaphernes at Colossae in 395 BC and then in the name of the Great King offered the victor of Sardis, Agesilaus [2], autonomy for the Ionian cities, provided that the Spartans vacated Asia Minor and the Ionians again paid tribute to the Great King (Xen. Hell. 3,4,25 f.; Plut. Agesilaus 10,6-8; Diod. 14,80,7 f.). Betwee…

[German version] [1] H., Hellenes (Ἑλλάς; Hellás, Ἕλληνες; Héllēnes). The Hellenes (Homeric Ἕλλανες, Ionic-Attic Ἕλληνες) were a tribe in southern Thessaly at the time of Homer, more precisely, or at the most, confined to the area around the river Spercheus, the country named Hellas (Ἑλλάς) after them, adjacent to the territory of Phthia (Hom. Il. 2,683f.; 9,395, 447, 478; 16,595; Hom. Od. 11,496). Ancient and modern speculation that the Hellenes had originally settled around  Dodona are based on the un…

[German version] (Ζαρίνα; Zarína). Queen of the Sacae, supposed to have waged war with the Medes ( c. 600 BC) (Ctesias F 7-8 FGrH 688; Nicolaus F 5 FGrH 90). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen)

(Μίδας/ Mídas). [German version] I. Historical King of Phrygia, son of Gordius [1]. Assyrian sources document him as Mit-ta-a, ‘king of the land of Muski, ’ for 718-709 BC. In the epichoric inscriptions of Yazılıkaya (‘city of Midas’) the name M. is found in conjunction with the titles laagtei and anaktei. The name M. is more likely Old Anatolian than Phrygian. According to Assyrian sources M. conspired with the Luwian kings of Atuna (Tyana), Karkemiš, Gurgum and Malida against Sargon II, until he - snubbing Urarṭu and fearing the Cimmerians - placed hi…

[German version] (Μαύσσωλος; Maússōlos, in inscriptions also Μαύσσωλλος; Maússōllos). Satrap of Caria (377-353 BC), son of Hecatomnus. The name M. is Carian, the word formation points to Indo-European and Ancient Anatolian origins, although the etymology is not clear. M. is to be considered a preserver and supporter of ancient Anatolian and Carian culture, esp. in the area of religion (cf. [1. 57-64; 591-644); there is little evidence for affinity with Greek cults. Nevertheless he opened himself to Gree…

[German version] (Ἄδραμυς; Ádramys). Lydian, son of the king  Sadyattes, unequal half-brother of  Alyattes (Nic. Damas. FGrH 90 F 63). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen)