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, nisba de plusieurs s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s ibāḍites [ q.v.]. Au Ve/XIe siècle, nous avons: (1) Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Muḥammad al-Tanāwutī, que l’on rencontre souvent dans les traditions anciennes. Son fils (2) Ismāʿīl et plus encore son petit-fils (3) Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ismāʿīl ont un renom d’hommes pieux…

, mausolée situé aux portes de la ville fàtimide d’al-Ḳāhira, dans la Cité des Morts (al-Ḳarāfa), au Sud de la mosquée d’Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn dans la direction de la mosquée-tombeau d’al-S̲h̲āfiʿī. Parmi les saintes [voir Walī] du Caire, tout de suite après Sayyida Zaynab bint Muḥammad [ q.v.], à côté de la «Sitt Sekina» (Sukayna), la «Sitt Nefisa» occupe une place particulièrement importante. Dans les récitations officielles du Ḳurʾān, le mausolée d’al-Sayyida Nafīsa, où l’on fait la lecture le dimanche, occupe même le troisième rang dans le clas…

, titre et nom d’un certain nombre d’ imāms zaydites du Yémen. Environ 250 ans après al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaḳḳ Yaḥyā, fondateur de l’imamat zaydite au Yémen, son descendant, al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Llāh, rendit au territoire zaydite, entre 532 et 566/1137-70, l’étendue qu’il avait à l’époque d’al-Hādī, avec Saʿda, Nad̲j̲rān et, pour un temps, Zabīd et Ṣanʿāʾ. Une génération plus tard (593-614/1197-1217), la région montagneuse de Ṣaʿda au Nord à Ḏh̲amār au Sud de Sanʿāʾ, était à nouveau gouvernée par le Zaydite al-Manṣū…

li-dīn Allāh, titre honorifique de plusieurs Imāms zaydites. — I. Chez les Zaydites de la Caspienne ont porté ce titre, outre 1. al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr al-Uṭrūs̲h̲ [voir Ḥasan al-Uṭrūs̲h̲], son arrière-petit-fils; — 2. al-Nāṣir al-Ṣag̲h̲īr al-Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī. Celui-ci se créa une principanté en partant de Hawsam, où il pouvait s’appuyer sur les souvenirs de l’ancien gouvernement zaydite. Il insista fortement sur le caractère religieux du Zaydisme, préleva sur le trésor de l’État de l’argent pour l’entretien des gens …

, dynastie d’esclaves abyssins qui régna à Zabīd [ q.v.] de 412 à 553/1022-1158. La meilleure source historique pour comprendre la dynastie est ʿUmāra (voir Kay, dans la Bibl.), mais on doit souligner que son récit est parfois confus, souvent anecdotique, avec des interruptions plus ou moins justifiées, et pauvre en dates. Lorsque le dernier Ziyādide [ q.v.] eut été mis à mort sous la domination du wazīr abyssin Mard̲j̲ān, par un de ses gouverneurs esclaves, Nafīs, l’autre, Nad̲j̲āḥ, s’avança pour le venger. Après le combat, Nafīs fut tué, et, en d̲h̲ū l-ḳaʿda …

, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-As̲h̲raf b. ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn [voir Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn], né vers 230/844 à Médine d’une esclave du Ḵh̲urāsān, mort dans le mois de s̲h̲aʿbān 304/début de 917 à Āmul comme souverain du Ṭabaristān, est encore reconnu comme imām sous le nom d’al-Nāṣir al-Kabïr par les Zaydiyya [ q.v.] au Yémen. Al-Uṭrūs̲h̲ vint au Ṭabaristān dès le règne du ʿAlide al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr al-Ḥasan b. Zayd [voir al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. Muḥammad]; comme il paraissait suspect à al-Ḳāʾim bi-l-Ḥaḳḳ Muḥammad b. Zayd, frère et successeur d’al-Ḥasan …

, a dynasty of Abyssinian slaves with their capital in Zabīd [ q.v.], reigned 412-553/1022-1158. ¶ The best historical source for an understanding of the dynasty is ʿUmāra (see Kay, in Bibl .), but it should be stressed that ʿUmāra’s account is sometimes confused, frequently anecdotal with interruptions of little or no relevance and lacking in dates. Other published sources which can be used as a control on ʿUmāra’s text are listed below, though many depend ultimately on him, being transmitted in the main through other writers. When the last Ziyādid [ q.v.] had been put to death during…

, the nisba of many spiritual s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.] referring to the Tanāwut, a Berber tribe of the Nafzāwa country in southern Tunisia and Wargla (Wārd̲j̲alān). To the 5th/11th century belongs: 1). Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Muḥammad al-Tanāwutī, who often appears in later tradition. His son 2). Ismāʿīl, but still more his grandson 3). Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ismāʿīl, had the reputation of being very devout and miraculously gifted. The most important bearer of the name is the last-named’s son: 4). Abū ʿAmmār ʿAbd al-Kāfī al-Tanāwutī, fellow-pupil and friend of Abū Yaʿḳūb Y…

, Abū muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-As̲h̲raf b. ʿalī zayn al-ʿĀbidīn [see zayn al-ʿābidīn ], born about 230/844 at Medīna of a K̲h̲urāsān slave girl, died in S̲h̲aʿbān 304/beginning of 917 at Āmul as ruler in Ṭabaristān, is still recognized under the official name of al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr as Imām by the Zaydiyya [ q.v.] in the Yemen. Al-Uṭrūs̲h̲ came to Ṭabaristān in the reign of the ʿAlid al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr al-Ḥasan b. Zayd [see al-Ḥasan b. Ẓayd b. muḥammad ];¶ his brother and successor al-Ḳāʾim bi ’l-Ḥaḳḳ Muḥammad b. Zayd distrusting him, he endeavoured …

al-Zamān (a.) i. e. “Lord of the Age”, a S̲h̲īʿa term. The phrase includes the two theological meanings of “representative of God on earth” and “Deputy” of the Prophet. Among the earlier S̲h̲īʿīs for example the Imām is called “the ḳāʾim”, “our ḳāʾim” or “the ḳāʾim of his age”, synonymous with ḥud̲j̲d̲j̲a or k̲h̲alīfa. The political application of the word brought in the meaning of “rebellious”, current among all the seceding sects, c. g. also among the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲īs. Through chiliasm the name is given to the Mahdi as “resurrected” from (apparent) death who is active in the “age” through the na…

, a school of law, which would derive the law only from the literal text ( ẓāhir) of the Ḳurʾān and Sunna. In the “branches” of law ( furūʿ al-fiḳh) it still further increased the number of contradictory detailed regulations by many divergencies, peculiar to it alone. More important is its significance for the principles of legislation ( uṣūl al-fiḳh), the development and elucidation of which it considerably furthered by its uncompromising fight against raʾy, ḳiyās, istiṣḥāb, istiḥsān and taḳlīd [q. v.]. In the ʿIrāḳ the Ẓāhirī mad̲h̲hab, also called Dāʾūdī after its founder [see dāʾūd b.…

li-Dīn Allāh, official name of several Zaidī imāms. I. Among the Caspian Zaidīs this title was borne by 1. al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr al-Uṭrūs̲h̲ [q. v.] and his great-grandson 2. al-Nāṣir al-Ṣag̲h̲īr al-Ḥūsain b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī. The latter gained for himself a dominion beginning in Hawsam, where he could find associations with the earlier period of Zaidī rule. He laid great emphasis on the religious character of Zaidism; he gave out of the state treasury funds to support people who learned the Ḳurʾān by heart. He was also a …

b. Aiyūb al-Malik al-Muʿahẓhẓam S̲h̲ams al-Dawla Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn, founder of the Aiyūbid dynasty of the Yemen. He was born at the beginning of Rad̲j̲ab 569 (February 1174); two years before, the death of the last Fāṭimid ʿĀḍid [q. v.] had formally made Saladin lord of Egypt; the relationship of vassal and overlord between him and the Zangid Atābeg Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd had now become unnatural and threatened to end in war; King Amalrich of Jerusalem, with whom Saladin had been fighting, was still unsubdued; the Crus…

(a.), a. expression of sympathy in general, b. the passion play of the S̲h̲īʿīs. The word, a verbal noun from ʿaziya II, is not found in the Ḳurʾān (but cf. ʿizīn in lxx. 37), but occurs in all schools of fiḳh at the end of the book on public worship in the section, or in the separate book, al-d̲j̲anāʾiz = burial, where sympathy is requested for the relatives. Among the S̲h̲īʿīs it means in the first place the lamentation for the martyred imāms, which is held at their graves and aiso at home. In particular, however, it is mourning for Ḥusain. The tābūt, a copy of the tomb at Kerbelāʾ, in popular…

, a name of several heretical schools, notably the ultra-S̲h̲īʿī Muḥammadīya. As the example of the Kaisānīya [q. v.] shows, at an early date some S̲h̲īʿīs transferred the imāmate to ʿAlids who were not descendants of the Prophet’s daughter Fāṭima and then to those who were not ʿAlids at all. The Manṣūrīya revered such an one in Abū Manṣūr al-ʿId̲j̲lī, whom Yūsuf b. ʿOmar al-T̲h̲aḳafī, governor of the ʿIrāḳ, executed in the reign of the Caliph His̲h̲ām, i. e. before 125 (743). Abū Manṣūr, rejected by the I…

bi ’llāh al-Ḳāsim, the name of two Zaidī imāms of the Yemen. I. al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī al-ʿAiyānī (? according to others al-IIyānī). His genealogy goes back through a certain ʿAbd Allāh and a Muḥammad to al-Ḳāsim b. Ibrāhīm Ṭabāṭabā (d. 246 = 860), the spiritual founder of Zaidism in the Yemen; he is however not a descendant of the latter’s grandson, al-Hādī Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusain, the creator of the secular power of the Zaidīs in the Yemen. The latter was succeeded in the imāmate by his two sons: the weak Muḥammad al-Mu…

, al-Sayyida , a mausoleum situated to the south of the Fāṭimid city of al-Ḳāhira in the northern part of the cemetery area of the City of the Dead (al-Ḳarāfa), to the south of the Mosque of Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn in the direction of the sepulchral mosque of al-S̲h̲āfiʿī. Among the female saints [see walī ] in Cairo next to Sayyida Zaynab bint Muḥammad [ q.v.] and “Sitt Sekīna” (Sukayna) “Sitt Nefīsa” takes a very prominent place. In the official recitations of the Ḳurʾān, al-Sayyida Nafīsa, where the reading is held on Sundays, takes third place among them all, imme…

, the practical group of the S̲h̲īʿa, distinguished from the It̲h̲nā ʿAs̲h̲arīya [q. v.] and the Sabʿīya [q. v.] by the recognition of Zaid b. ʿAlī. After the latter’s death they took part in several ʿAlid risings but were not a united body. Writers on heresy distinguish eight schools among them: from Abū ’l-Ḏj̲ārūd, who combined warlike activity with apotheosis of the imāms and belief in a Mahdī, to Salama b. Kuhail whose Zaidism was watered down to a simple S̲h̲īʿa point of view. It was the sa…

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān al-Ḥārit̲h̲ī, also called Ibn al-Muʿallim, a distinguished Twelver scholar of Bag̲h̲dād under the Būyids, was born at the end of 333 or 338 (945 or 950), and came of an old Ḳurais̲h̲ family which, as his second epithet shows, had a reputation for scholarship; he himself became, as his epithet shows, the teacher from whom all “later students have derived advantage”. While he took little active part in politics, he was a very prolific author. His correspondence, usually replies to queries, came from Mawṣil, Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān, Dīnawar, Raḳḳa, Ḵh̲wār…

, the nisba of many spiritual s̲h̲aik̲h̲s of the Abāḍīs [q.v.]. To the fifth (eleventh) century belongs: Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Muḥammad al-Tanāwutī who often appears in later tradition. His son Ismāʿīl but still more his grandson Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ismāʿīl had the reputation of being very devout and miraculously gifted. The most important bearer of the name is the last-named’s son: Abū ʿAmmār ʿAbd al-Kāfī al-Tanāwutī, fellow-pupil and friend of Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm al-Sadrātī al-Wārd̲j̲alānī. He came of a wealthy family and had an allowance of 1,000 d…