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[German version] The victor's name D. was not assumed by Domitian, contrary to the report at Mart. 8 pr. Trajan was officially called D. only after 102; in 236 Maximinus assumed the name D. Maximus for himself and his son Maximus. In the case of later emperors the title was probably unofficial: Decius (D. maximus from 250, but only on Spanish milestones), Gallienus (D. max. only in ILS 552, from 257), Aurelian [3] (ILS 581, from 275). Constantine [1] I named himself D. Maximus in 336 (AE 1934, 158…

[German version] M. Aurelius Maus(aeus?), AD 286-293.A Menapian by birth, and by profession a former helmsman, C. excelled himself in the Bagaudian War under  Maximianus. Subsequently, as commander of a fleet based in Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer), he was given the task of fighting the piratical Franks and Saxons. Based on suspicions that he had withheld war booty, the order was given to kill C.; in consequence, C. had himself proclaimed emperor in 286, and assumed the rule of Britannia. He was also …

[German version] [1] Imperator Caesar C. Pius E. Tetricus Augustus Augustus in Gaul and Britannia AD 271-274 He came from a noble (Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,14), certainly (because of the name E.) Gallic family and, even before his elevation to Augustus, was senator and governor of Aquitania, when Victorinus ruled over the rebel Gallic empire (Eutr. 9,10). After Victorinus was murdered, he was proclaimed emperor by the military, probably in the spring of AD 271, and clothed in the purple in Bordeaux (Eutr. ibid.; [Aur…

[German version] Decree of  Caracalla (AD 212), by which he extended Roman citizenship to almost all members of the empire (Cass. Dio 77,9,5; Dig. 1,5,17); cf. Aur. Vict., Caesares 16,12, who mistakenly attributes that action to  Marcus Aurelius instead of M. Aur. Antoninus Caracalla. Whether the much-discussed PGiss. 40 I contained the edict is questioned by [1]. The problem of the [de]diticii, who in the papyrus were apparently excluded from  citizenship or from the rights and privileges that it entailed, is possibly explained by the so-called Tabula Ba…

[German version] Called ‘Callistus’ by Greek authors, because of an orthographical error [1], Praetorian praefect of  Valerianus, then of  Macrianus (SHA Valer. 4,4; SHA Gall. 3,2). After Valerian was taken prisoner, he had the sons of Macrianus proclaimed emperors (SHA Gall. 1,3). As cavalry commander for Macrianus, he triumphed over the Persians (Zon. 12,24). He stayed in the east with Quietus, the younger son of Macrianus, but surrendered Quietus in the battle of Emesa; however, B. was soon killed by Odoenathus (Zon. 12,24; SHA Gall. 3,1f.). PIR2 B 41; PLRE 1, 146. Birley, A. R. (Dü…

[German version] A. Modestus Crescentianus, Q. Participated as XV vir sacris faciundis in AD 204 in the ludi saeculares; he was praetorian imperial legate in Arabia. Cos. suff., legate of Germania superior in 209 and cos. II ord. in 228. PIR2 A 470. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography Eck, 81-82.

[German version] Imperator Caesar M.A. Carinus Augustus, the eldest son of  Carus, a brother of  Numerianus; around November AD 282, he was made Caesar and princeps iuventutis by his father, and in spring 283, when his father marched against the Persians, C. was elevated to Augustus. After his campaign against the Quadi (F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani 2, 1912, pl. 123, no. 8), he called himself Germanicus maximus, adding to that Persicus maximus after Carus' victory in the east, and also, for unknown reasons, Britannicu…

[German version] As praetorian governor of Numidia in AD 238 (perhaps identical with the epigraphically attested legatus Augusti pro praetore L. Ovinius Pudens Capella, PIR2 O 189), with the legio III Augusta, he quelled the revolt in Gordiane (Herodian. 7,9,11; SHA Maximin. 19,20, Gord. 15-16; ILS 8499). PIR2 C 404. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography K.-H. Dietz, Senatus contra principem, 1980, 109ff.

[German version] Dacian (Sync. p. 717), cavalry commander under  Gallienus (Zos. 1,40; Zon. 12,24; 25). He defeated the usurper Ingenuus in AD 260 in Pannonia (Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2), and Macrianus in 261 (Zon. 12,24; SHA Gall. 2,6). He was heristant in attacking Postumus in Gallia and probably defected to his side [1]. Declared Augustus in Milan, probably in August or September 268 and killed shortly afterwards by  Claudius' [III 2] troops (Zos. 1,41). PIR2 A 1672; PLRE 1, 138. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography 1 A. Alföldi, Studien zur Weltkrise, 1967, 1ff.

[German version] Senator, whose freedman Diocletian is said to have been (Eutr. 9,19,2; Aur. Vict. Caes. 39,1; Zon. 12,31). Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf)

[German version] Imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Claudius Q. Aug., brother of Claudius [III 2] II Gothicus. After the latter's death in August of AD 270, Q. was proclaimed emperor, but killed after a few weeks by the soldiers in Aquileia (Eutr. 9,12; [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 34,5; Jer. Chron. p. 222 Helm; Zos. 1,47). Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography Kienast 2, 233  PIR2 A 1480  PLRE 1, 759 (no. 1).

[German version] M. Clodius P. Maximus, emperor in AD 238. According to Zon. 12,17, P. was as old as 74 at this time, but this can hardly be correct. Information on his origin and career in the Historia Augusta is largely fictional; his ancestors were probably from Volaterrae  (CIL IX 5765, cf. [1. 170 ff.]). P. was consular governor of a German province (Hdn. 8,6,6; 7,8), proconsul of Asia (ILS 8839; AE 1975, 791), cos. ord. II in 234 and praef. urbi (Hdn. 7,10,4; 8,8,4) up to the time when the Senate elected him one of the XXviri rei publicae curandae; these decemviri were to protect Italy ag…

[German version] (Nickname based on his Celtic robe; originally, he was called Bassianus, Cass. Dio 78,9,3) = M. Aurelius Antoninus Caesar (from AD 195, ILS 8805; RIU 3,840) = M. Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (from AD 198, cf. [1]). Born on 4 April AD 188 in Lyons as the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna (Cass. Dio 78,6,5; cf. 77,10,2; [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 21,1; SHA Sept. Sev. 3,9; differing information elsewhere). He accompanied his father to the east from the middle of 19…

[German version] Prefect of Egypt. In AD 283 after the death of  Carus he turned down the imperial rank offered to him by his soldiers (Claudian. Epithal. Palladii et Celerinae 25,70-82). PIR2 C 635. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf)

[English version] (Spitzname nach seinem kelt. Gewand; urspr. hieß er Bassianus, Cass. Dio 78,9,3) = M. Aurelius Antoninus Caesar (seit 195, ILS 8805; RIU 3,840) = M. Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (seit 198, vgl. [1]). Geb. am 4. April 188 als erster Sohn des Septimius Severus und der Iulia Domna in Lyon (Cass. Dio 78,6,5; vgl. 77,10,2; [Aur. Vict.] epit. Caes. 21,1; SHA Sept. Sev. 3,9; abweichende Angaben in anderen Stellen). Ab Mitte 193 bis 196 mit dem Vater im Osten, im J. 195 erhielt er…

[English version] Daker (Synk. p. 717), unter Gallienus Reiterführer (Zos. 1,40; Zon. 12,24; 25). Besiegte 260 n.Chr. den Usurpator Ingenuus in Pannonien (Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2), 261 den Macrianus (Zon. 12,24; SHA Gall. 2,6). Postumus in Gallien griff er zögernd an, trat wahrscheinlich zu ihm über [1]. Wohl im August oder September 268 zum Augustus in Mailand erhoben, kurz danach von den Soldaten des Claudius [III 2] erschlagen (Zos. 1,41). PIR2 A 1672; PLRE 1, 138. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography 1 A. Alföldi, Studien zur Weltkrise, 1967, 1ff.

[English version] M. Clodius P. Maximus, Kaiser 238 n. Chr. P. war zu diesem Zeitpunkt laut Zon. 12,17 schon 74 J. alt, was kaum richtig sein kann. Die Angaben über seine Herkunft und Laufbahn in der Historia Augusta sind weitgehend fiktiv; eine Abstammung aus Volaterrae ist wahrscheinlich (CIL IX 5765, vgl. [1. 170 ff.]). P. war consularischer Statthalter einer der germanischen Prov. (Herodian. 8,6,6; 7,8), Proconsul von Asia (ILS 8839; AE 1975, 791), cos. ord. II 234 und praef. urbi (Herodian. 7,10,4; 8,8,4), bevor der Senat ihn unter die XXviri rei publicae curandae wählte, die It.…

[English version] M. Aurelius Maus(aeus?) C. (286-293 n. Chr.), Menapier, ehemaliger Steuermann, zeichnete sich im Bagaudenkrieg unter Maximianus aus. Anschließend wurde er als Befehlshaber einer Flotte beauftragt, den seeräuberischen Franken und Sachsen von Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) aus zu wehren; wegen des Verdachts, Kriegsbeute unterschlagen zu haben, erging Befehl, C. zu töten, woraufhin sich C. 286 zum Kaiser ausrufen ließ und die Macht über Britannien übernahm. Er konnte auch Bononia und Te…

[English version] Den Siegerbeinamen D. hat Domitianus [1], anders als bei Mart. 8 pr. berichtet, nicht angenommen. D. hieß offiziell erst Traianus seit 102; Maximinus nannte sich und seinen Sohn Maximus 236 D. Maximus. Bei späteren Kaisern war der Titel wohl inoffiziell: Decius (D. maximus seit 250, aber nur auf spanischen Meilensteinen), Gallienus (D. max. nur ILS 552, vom J. 257), Aurelianus [3] (ILS 581, vom J. 275). Constantinus [1] I. nannte sich D. Maximus im J. 336 (AE 1934, 158), wohl weg…

[English version] Imperator Caesar M.A.Carinus Augustus, ältester Sohn von Carus, Bruder von Numerianus, etwa November 282 n.Chr. vom Vater zum Caesar und princeps iuventutis ernannt, im Frühjahr 283, als sein Vater gegen die Perser zog, wurde Carinus zum Augustus erhoben. Nach einem Feldzug gegen die Quaden (F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani 2, 1912, Taf. 123, Nr. 8) nannte er sich Germanicus maximus; nach dem Sieg des Carus im Osten auch Persicus maximus, wie auch, aus unbekannten Gründen, Britannicus maximus (CIL XIV…