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[English Version] . Als Gegenbegriff zur Erwählung oder Rettung Gottes muß V. – anders als im üblichen dogmatischen Sprachgebrauch – von Verdammnis insofern unterschieden werden, als mit V. nicht zwangsläufig eschatische Konsequenzen im Sinne eines definitiven Ausschlusses vom Heil (Reich Gottes: IV.) verbunden sind. Insbes. das Ringen des Apostels Paulus um das Geschick des auserwählten Volkes Israel angesichts des von ihm mehrheitlich nicht anerkannten neuen Bundes Gottes mit allen Menschen in J…

[English Version] . Die Unterscheidung zw. p. und f. Eschatologie als Lehre von den »letzten Dingen« kann zunächst von der Doppeldeutigkeit des »Letzten« hergeleitet werden. Denn zum einen kann das Letzte qualitativ oder wertmäßig als Letztgültiges, zum andere…

[English Version] . Insbes. im Rahmen apokalyptischer Geschichtstheologie werden V. des Weltendes und der Wiederkunft (Parusie) Jesu Christi als Richter und Retter beschrieben und von Eingeweihten aufgrund spezieller Offenbarungen und Visionen gedeutet. So soll den Glaubenden vor dem …

[English Version] . Mit N. ist zunächst die urchristl., in ein apokalyptisches Weltbild (Apokalyptik) eingefaßte Erwartung der baldigen Wiederkehr (Parusie) des gekreuzigten und auferstandenen Herrn zur endgültigen Aufrichtung des Reiches Gottes noch zu Lebzeiten der ersten Christengeneration gemeint (vgl.1Thess 4,17; Phil 4,5; 1Kor 7,29). Diese eschatische (Eschatologie) Haltung (…

[German Version] As the opposite of election or salvation by God, and in divergence from common linguistic usage in dogmatics, rejection must be distinguished from damnation in so far as it is not necessarily associated with eschatological consequences in terms …

[German Version] The term imminent Parousia expectation refers in the first place to the primitive Christian expectation, in the context of an apocalyptic conception of the world (Apocalypticism), of the imminent return (Parousia) of the crucified and risen Lord for the final establishing of the kingdom of God still in the lifetime of the first generation of Christians (cf. 1 Thess 4:17; Phil 4:5; 1 Cor 7:29). This eschatological (Eschatology) orientation (ἐλπίς/ elpís) resulted from the liberating (Liberation) experience of having overcome life-threatening and ungo…

[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion Given the substantially diverse notions of salvation and redemption in the philosophy of religion (including realization and fulfillment of essential potentiality, reunion of what is separate, identity, and essentification), universal salvation can be understood as a metaphysical, ontotheological, or transcendentally grounded soteriological conception for comprehending the unity of everything real both qualitatively (intensively) and quantitatively (extensive…

[German Version] Existential theology is less a unified theological position or method than a particular theological attitude in the sense of a polemical and appellative corrective. It acquires its specific profile through the critical rejection of a domesticated and self-satisfied Christianity, but also of a theology that has a bias toward the ideal of objective science. For S. Kierkegaard ( Sygdommen til Døden, 1849; ET: The Sickness unto Death, 1983; Christelige Taler, 1848; ET: Christian Discourses, 1997), the inaugurator of what came to be known as existential theology (and existential philosophy [Existentialism (philosophy)]) later in the 19th century, this ideal is represented by the philosophical system of G.W.F. Hegel and its conservative translation into speculative theology (H.L. Martensen; P.K. Marheineke; C. Da…

[German Version] Especially in the context of an apocalyptic theology of history (History, Theology of), premoni-¶ tions of the end of the world and the return of Jesus Christ (Parousia) as judge and savior based on portents and omens are described and interpreted by initiates by virtue of special revelations and visions. Against the background of the del…

[German Version] (Gk ἀποκατάστασις πάντων) or the redemption/restoration of all is the eschatological notion that all human beings (things, creatures) without exception will be received into eschatological salvation (the kingdom of God). One the one hand, apocatastasis conflicts with the more common eschatological notion of a “double outcome,” which envisions an…

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[German Version] The distinction between present and future eschatology as the doctrine of the “last things” can be derived from the ambiguity of the term “last.” On the one hand, “last” may be understood qualitatively, or in terms of value, as what is ultimately valid; on the other hand, it may be understood temporally or chronologically as the final culmination. The first understanding is a theme in eschatology oriented to the present, or beyond time, the second in eschatology oriented to the fu…

[German Version] Against the background of th…

[German Version] This concept was introduced by K. Jaspers to describe the specific existence of the human person as distinct from all that exists as a thing (Existentialism [philosophy]; Existentialism [theology]). A borderline situation cannot be planned and controlled by the reason; it is contingent, and is an existential datum of human existence like for example historic…

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[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion Especially in the tradition of theologia negativa, unavailability (or inaccessibility, Ger. Unverfügbarkeit) char­acterizes divinity, the unconditioned (Absolute necessity), and the absolute, which is divorced (Lat. absolutum) from all relationships and conditions and thus is not available and accessible in any natural, material intramundane referential context. In categorial distinction from that context, it is implicit and premised as the (metaphysical or transcendental) ground of unity of all determinant reality (R. Bultmann, Wolfhart Pannenberg). As such it can be accessed only symbolically (P. Tillich) or in ciphers (K. Jaspers). In this sense, this religio-philosophical definition can incorporate central aspec…

[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion – II. Dogmatics I. Philosophy of Religion …

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion I. Philosophy Etymologically, the word “absolute” means something separate from and independent of everything that is only relative. In this sense, the absolute can be understood ontologically as substance, logically as principle. If the absolute is taken as a …

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