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[German Version] In the Egyptian pantheon, Seth was a collateral male relative (Egyp. sn) of his antagonist Horus. In the story of Horus and Seth, he was the brother of Horus, with whom he contended for dominion over Egypt (see fig. 2); in the Osiris myth, he was the uncle of Horus; after the murder of Horus’s father Osiris (Isis and Osiris), he challenged Horus for succession to the throne. He was the god of Egypt’s borderlands, the desert, and foreign lands, as such identified with Syrian Baal. He was wors…

[German Version] I. General – II. History and Society – III. Religion and Culture I. General 1. Name/Designations In Egyptian-Coptic, Egypt is “the black (i.e. land)” (Egyptian *Kū́mut, Coptic Kēme, etc.) after the dark soil, in Semitic languages, generally, Miṣr-, etc., in Hebrew also מָצוֹר / Māṣôr (“border,” i.e. “borderland”?), in Greek after a sanctuary of the god Ptah as a designation for the old capital city Memphis, Aígyptos, i.e. Aígupto-s (in contemporary Egyptian perhaps *Hekoptáḥ). 2. Geography The central area of the country is the river oasis of the lowe…

[German Version] In Egyptian and Coptic, the Nile is the “River” par excellence (Egyp. * ỉatraw, * ỉa/ oʾre, Coptic yoor etc.; borrowed as Heb. יְאֹר/ yĕʾōr) or the “Great River” (Egyp. ỉatraw ‘aɜ, Coptic yero etc.); the plural with prefixed article (* ne-y[e]r/ lo:w etc.) may have entered Greek as Νεῖλος/ Neílos, originally denoting the seven branches of the Nile in its delta. ¶ With a length of some 6,800 km, the Nile is one of the longest rivers on earth; its final navigable stretch extends some 1,100 km between Aswān and the Mediterranean, Egypt’s riverin…

French Egyptologist. Born Paris 24. 6. 1846, died there 30. 6. 1916. 1865–1867 studied at École normale supérieure, Paris; 1869 repetitor for Vicomte Emmanuel de Rougé at École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris. 1873 doctorate ( docteur ès lettres); 1874 prof. of Egyptian philology and archaeology at Collège de France, Paris. 1881 head of Mission archéologique française au Caire; 1898 director of Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Cairo; 1881–1886 and 1899–1914 director of Service des antiquités de l’Égypte (now the Supreme Court of Antiquities) and the Eg…

German Egyptologist and Prussian diplomat. Born Berlin 18. 2. 1827, died there 9. 9. 1894. From 1848, studied Egyptology, philology, archaeology and philosophy at Berlin. Doctorate in Egyptology with a diss. on Demotic, also Berlin, 1851. 1860 and 1885: Prussian diplomatic missions in Persia. 1864: Prussian consul at Cairo. From 1867, prof. of Egyptology at Göttingen. From 1870, director of the School of Egyptology in Cairo. Pasha from 1881. Background As an Egyptologist, B., whom Richard Lepsius turned down while he was a still at school, was self-taught. While s…

British Egyptologist. Born Alan Henderson G. in Eltham (London), 29. 3. 1879, died Iffley (Oxford) 19. 12. 1963. School in London; 1895/96 study trip to Paris; 1897–1901 studied classical philology, Hebrew and Arabic at Oxford. 1902–1911 period as private researcher in Berlin; from 1912 private scholar in London, from 1946 in Oxford. Knighted 1948 (Knight Bachelor: Sir Alan Henderson, Kt.). Career G. was the son of a wealthy textile magnate. His career was shaped by his father’s determination to see him well-educated and to lead a life of self-assurance, …

Called Champollion le Jeune; French Egyptologist. Born 23. 12. 1790 in Figeac ( département Lot), died Paris 4. 3. 1832. 1804–1807 Lycée in Grenoble; 1807–1809 studied languages in Paris. 1809 Professeur adjoint d’histoire ancienne in ¶ Grenoble; 1826 conservator at the Louvre. 1828/29 expedition to Egypt with Ippolito Rosellini; 1831 chair of archaeology created for C. at Collège de France, Paris. Background C. largely owed his career to his brother Jacques-Joseph C.-Figeac, twelve years his senior, who brought him to Grenoble in 1801. There, among other …

Israeli Egyptologist, Coptologist and linguist. Born Zurich 13. 9. 1905, died Jerusalem 10. 8. 1991. 1924 Abitur in Berlin; 1924–1928 studied Egyptology and Semitic studies at Berlin and Göttingen; 1928 doctorate at Göttingen; 1926–1930 assistant on Septuagint project there. 1930–1934 assistant in the publication of Coptic Manichaean papyri Berlin. 1934–1948 instructor for Egyptology at Hebrew Univ. in Jerusalem; 1948–1972 prof. of Egyptian and Semitic linguistics there. 1959 founder member of the Israel Academ…

French Egyptologist. Born Auguste-Ferdinand-François M., Boulogne-sur-Mer 11. 2. 1821, died Bulaq (Cairo) 18. 1. 1881. Self-study of ancient Egypt from 1842; from 1849 employed at the Louvre in Paris. 1851–1854 discovered and excavated the Memphis Serapeum. Extensive excavation work in Egypt from 1858. Pasha 1879. Career and achievements M. was living in modest circumstances when in 1842 his family came into the inheritance of Nestor L’Hôte, who had taken part in the 1828–1829 expedition of Jean-François Champollion and Ippolito Rosellini to …

Franz. Ägyptologe. Geb. am 11. 2. 1821 in Boulogne-sur-Mer als Auguste Ferdinand François M., gest. am 18. 1. 1881 in Bulaq (Kairo). Ab 1842 autodidaktische Studien zum Alten Ägypten; ab 1849 Beschäftigung im Louvre in Paris. 1851–1854 Entdeckung und Freilegung des Serapeums von Memphis; ab 1858 ausgedehnte Grabungstätigkeit in Ägypten; 1879 Pascha. Werdegang und Leistungen M. lebte in bescheidenen Verhältnissen, als seiner Familie 1842 der Nachlass Nestor L’Hôtes zufiel, der 1828–1829 als Zeichner an der Expedition Jean François Champollions un…

Franz. Ägyptologe. Geb. am 24. 6. 1846 in Paris, gest. am 30. 6. 1916 ebda. 1865–1867 Studium an der École normale supérieure, Paris; 1869 Repetitor des Vicomte Emmanuel de Rougé an der École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) ebda; 1873 Prom. ( Docteur ès lettres); 1874 Prof. für ägypt. Phil. und Arch. am Collège de France, Paris. 1881 Leiter der Mission archéologique française au Caire; 1898 Direktor des Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Kairo; 1881–1886 und 1899–1914 Direktor des Service des antiquités de l’Égypte (h. Supre…

Genannt Champollion le Jeune; franz. Ägyptologe. Geb. am 23. 12. 1790 in Figeac (Département Lot), gest. am 4. 3. 1832 in Paris. 1804–1807 Lycée in Grenoble; 1807–1809 Sprachstudien in Paris. 1809 Professeur adjoint d’histoire ancienne in Grenoble; 1826 Konservator am Louvre. 1828/29 Expedition mit Ippolito Rosellini nach Ägypten; 1831 Schaffung eines arch. Lehrstuhls für Ch. am Pariser Collège de France. Werdegang Ch. verdankte seinen Werdegang und Lebensweg weitgehend seinem zwölf Jahre älteren Bruder Jacques-Joseph Ch.-Figeac. Nachdem dieser ihn 18…

Dt. Ägyptologe und preuß. Diplomat. Geb. am 18. 2. 1827 in Berlin, gest. am 9. 9. 1894 ebda. Ab 1848 Studium der Ägyptologie, Philologie, Arch. und Philosophie in Berlin; 1851 Prom. in Ägyptologie mit einer demotistischen Arbeit ebda. 1860 und 1885 in preuß. diplomatischer Mission in Persien; 1864 preuß. Konsul in Kairo. Ab 1867 Prof. für Ägyptologie in Göttingen; ab 1870 Direktor der Ägyptologenschule in Kairo; ab 1881 Pascha. Werdegang Als Ägyptologe war B., von Richard Lepsius noch zu Schulzeiten abgewiesen, Autodidakt. Schon als Schüler skizzierte er eine …

Brit. Ägyptologe. Geb. als Alan Henderson G. am 29. 3. 1879 in Eltham (London), gest. am 19. 12. 1963 in Iffley (Oxford). Schulzeit in London; 1895/96 Studienaufenthalt in Paris; 1897–1901 Studium der Klass. Philologie, des Hebräischen und Arabischen in Oxford. 1902–1911 privater Forschungsaufenthalt in Berlin; ab 1912 Privatgelehrter in London, ab 1946 in Oxford; 1948 zum Ritter (Knight Bachelor) geschlagen (Sir Alan). Werdegang G. war der Sohn eines vermögenden, im Textilgroßhandel tätigen Geschäftsmannes. Sein Werdegang war durch das väterliche Inter…

Israel. Ägyptologe, Koptologe und Linguist. Geb. am 13. 9. 1905 in Zürich, gest. am 10. 8. 1991 in Jerusalem. 1924 Abitur in Berlin; 1924–1928 Studium der Ägyptologie und der Semitistik in Berlin und Göttingen; 1928 Prom. in Göttingen; 1926–1930 Mitarbeiter im Septuaginta-Unternehmen ebda. 1930–1934 Mitarbeiter bei der Publikation der koptischen manichäischen Papyri in Berlin. 1934–1948 Instructor for Egyptology an der Hebrew Univ. in Jerusalem; 1948–1972 Prof. of Egyptian and Semitic Linguistic…